The Quest for Peace: Examining the Impact of Ethnic Federalism on Conflict Management in Ethiopia
Abstract
The main objective of the study is to critically examine the impact of conflict management on conflict management in Ethiopia. The diverse policies that Ethiopia's previous administrations implemented have left both positive and negative legacies. In an attempt to promote national peace by addressing ethnic diversity and reducing conflict, the current regime has experimented with ethnic Federalism in a way never seen before since 1995. However, in Ethiopia, ethnic Federalism has not been able to resolve interethnic disputes. Ethnic group conflicts are become extremely widespread. People have died as a result of these wars, and other people have also been displaced and property destroyed. In addition, ethnic minorities are being driven out of different regions as a result of ethnic strife. Despite this, differing opinions persist regarding the purpose of Ethiopia's ethnic Federalism. Ethnic Federalism is seen favorably by some and is seen as a valuable instrument for resolving interethnic conflicts. However, several elites argue against ethnic Federalism as a policy and practice because they fear violence and the dissolution of the country. The study uses a qualitative content analysis design to address the paper's objective. Sociological and instrumentalist theories are also employed to address the issue. Consequently, this study has clarified how ethnic Federalism affects conflict resolution. The study implies that even if ethnic Federalism was implemented more than thirty years ago, it has not been able to resolve ethnic tensions throughout the nation.
References
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56. Markakis, J. (1994). Ethnic Conflict and the State in the Horn of Africa. Ethnicity and Conflict in the Horn of Africa, 217-37.
57. Mengisteab, K. (2001). Ethiopia's ethnic-based Federalism: 10 years after. African issues, 29(1-2), 20-25.
58. Mengistu, M. M. (2015). Ethnic Federalism: A means for managing or a triggering factor for ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia. Social Sciences, 4(4), 94-105.
59. Michael, Y. G., Hadgu, K., & Ambaye, Z. (2005). Addressing pastoralist conflict in Ethiopia: The case of the Kuraz and Hamer sub-districts of South Omo zone.
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65. Ottaway, M. (1995). The Ethiopian transition: democratization or new authoritarianism?. Northeast African Studies, 2(3), 67-84.
66. Rath, S. (1984). Federalism today: Approaches, issues, and trends. Sterling.
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73. Tronvoll, K. (2003). Identities in conflict: an ethnography of war and the politics of identity in Ethiopia, 1998-2000 (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London)).
74. Turton, D. (2005). Four Questions about Ethiopia's Ethnic Federalism. St Antony's International Review, 1(2), 88-101.
75. Van der Beken, C. (2009). Federalism and the accommodation of ethnic diversity: The case of Ethiopia. In Third European Conference on African Studies.
76. Vaughan, S., & Tronvoll, K. (2003). The culture of power in contemporary Ethiopian political life.
77. Vestal, M. (2009). Ethiopia: A Post-Cold War African State. London: Praeger.
78. Walle E. (2005). Ethiopia: the pit falls of Ethnic Federalism. In: Issues and Trends in Contemporary African Politics. Agbango G. (Ed.). New York: Peter Lang.
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80. Watts, R. L (2008). Comparing federal systems. Institute of Intergovernmental.
81. Webel, C., & Galtung, J. (Eds.). (2007). Handbook of peace and conflict studies (Vol. 7). London: Routledge.
2. ---------- (2006). Ethnic Federalism and self-determination for nationalities in a semi-authoritarian state: the case of Ethiopia. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 13(2-3), 243-261.
3. Abbink, J. (2006). Ethnicity and conflict generation in Ethiopia: Some problems and prospects of ethno-regional Federalism. Journal of contemporary African studies, 24(3), 389-413.
4. ---------. (2011). Ethnic-based Federalism and ethnicity in Ethiopia: reassessing the experiment after 20 years. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 5(4), 596-618.
5. Abebe, D. (2016). Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia: A Means to an End. University of Chicago law School, Conference Proceeding.
6. ----------. (2012). The dilemma of adopting ethnic federal system in Africa in light of the perspectives from Ethiopian experience. Journal of African Studies and development, 4(7), 168-175.
7. Abrha, A. H. (2019). Ethnic Federalism: A Tool for Managing or a Fuel for Ethnic Conflicts in Ethiopia.
8. Adegehe, A. K. (2009). Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia. A comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions (Doctoral dissertation, Leiden University).
9. Agbu, A. (2011). Ethnicity and Democratizationin Africa:Challenges for Politics and Development. Discussion Paper 62, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala.
10. Ahadu, E., & Abebe, D. (2019). Appraisal on the Institutionalization of Human Right Education at Post Primary School Level, Hossaena, Ethiopia. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(5), 526-536.
11. Alemayehu, A. N. (2004). Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. University of Lund
12. Anderson, L. (2014). Ethnofederalism: The worst form of institutional arrangement…?. International Security, 39(1), 165-204.
13. Assefa, H. (1996). Ethnic conflict in the Horn of Africa: myth and reality. Ethnicity and power in the contemporary world, 35.
14. Ayenew, D. (2018). Relative deprivation: An explanation to inter-ethnic conflict in Metekel Zone, North Western Ethiopia, since 1991. International Journal of Peace and Development Studies, 9(1), 1-14.
15. Balcha, B. (2007). Restructuring state and society: Ethnic federalism in Ethiopia.
16. Baweke, E. (2015). Ethnic Federalism and Nation Building in Development: The case of Ethiopia. [Master's Thesis, Addis Ababa University]. AAU Institutional Repository.
17. Bayu, T. B. (2021). Ethnic conflict in Ethiopia: Federalism as a cause and solution. Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, 6(30), 1.
18. Berhane, Z., & Tefera, S. (2018). Does Federalism reduce ethnic conflict? Evidence from the Ethiopian experience. Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities, 14(1), 105-131.
19. Birhanu, D. (2020). Ethnically Skewed Media: Representation and Stereotyping the Audience in the Case of ASRAT Television. [Master's Thesis, Addis Ababa University]. AAU Institutional Repository.
20. Börzel, T. A. (2000). From competitive regionalism to cooperative Federalism: The Europeanization of the Spanish state of the autonomies. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 30(2), 17-42.
21. Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative research journal, 9(2), 27-40.
22. Brass, P. R. (1991). Ethnicity and nationalism: Theory and comparison. Sage Publications (CA).
23. Burgess, M. (2006). Comparative Federalism: Theory and practice. Routledge.
24. Burgess, M., & Pinder, J. (Eds.). (2007). Multi-national federations (Vol. 10). London: Routledge.
25. Cigar, N. L. (1995). Genocide in Bosnia: the policy of" ethnic cleansing" (No. 1). Texas A & M University Press.
26. Demelash, H. (2011). Does Ethnic Federalism Promote Conflict? Ethiopia as a Case Study. Comparative Political Studies, 45(12), 1543.
27. Djilas, A. (1995). Tito's Last Secret: How Did He Keep the Yugoslavs Together?.
28. Egwu, S. (2003). Ethnicity and citizenship rights in the Nigerian federal state. Federalism in Africa, 2, 37-54.
29. Elazar, D. J. (1987). Exploring Federalism. University of Alabama Press.
30. ----------. (1994). Federalism and the Way to Peace. Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University.
31. Eshete Andreas. 2003. Ethnic Federalism: New Frontiers in Ethiopian Politics. Paper delivered at first National Conference on Federalism, Conflict and Peace Building, UNCC, Ministry of Federal Affairs and GTZ, 2003, May 5th–7th Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
32. Fessha, Y. T. (2016). Ethnic diversity and Federalism: Constitution making in South Africa and Ethiopia. Routledge.
33. Filippov, M., Ordeshook, P. C., & Shvetsova, O. (2004). Designing Federalism: A theory of self-sustainable federal institutions. Cambridge University Press.
34. Fiseha, A. (2018). Federalism and the Evolving Conceptions of Unity and Diversity in Ethiopia. In Revisiting Unity and Diversity in Federal Countries (pp. 27-56). Brill Nijhoff.
35. -------. (2006). "Theory versus Practice in the Implementation of Ethiopia's Federalism," in David Turton ed., Ethnic Federalism: The Ethiopian Experience in Comparative Perspective (Oxford: James Currey, 2006).
36. Gagnon, A. G. (2021). Multi-national Federalism: challenges, shortcomings and promises. Regional & Federal Studies, 31(1), 99-114.
37. Galtung, J . (1981). Social cosmology and the concept of peace. Journal of peace research, 18(2), 183-199.
38. ---------. (1967). Theories of peace. A synthetic approach to peace thinking. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute.
39. Gavin, M. (2021). The Conflict in Ethiopia's Tigray Region: What to Know. Council on Foreign Relations.
40. Geertz, C. ( 2003). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
41. Habtu, A. (2003). Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia: Background, present conditions and future prospects.
42. Haile, M. (1996). The new Ethiopian Constitution: its impact upon unity, human rights and development. Suffolk Transnat'l L. Rev., 20, 1.
43. Horowitz, D. (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
44. Hueglin, O., & Fenna, A. (2015). Comparative Federalism: A systematic inquiry. University of Toronto Press.
45. Ibeanu, O. (2006). Conceptualising peace. In Best, S. [Ed.] (2006). Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Spectrum Books Limited.
46. Jeong, H. W. (2017). Peace and conflict studies: An introduction. Taylor & Francis.
47. Kasse, G. M., & Woldemariam, G. A. (2022). The Matrix of Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia in Protecting Internal Minority Rights. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 9(1), 206-225.
48. Kefale, A., Kamusella, T., & Van der Beken, C. (2021). Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia: From Ethnolinguistic Nation-State to Multi-ethnic Federation. Routledge.
49. Koenig, M. (1999). Democratic governance in multicultural societies. Social condi.
50. Kymlicka, W. (2005). Federalism, nationalism, and multiculturalism. In Theories of Federalism: A reader (pp. 269-292). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
51. Lancaster, R. (2012). Federalism and civil conflict: The missing link?. University of North Texas.
52. Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of democracy: Government forms and performance in thirty-six countries. Yale university press.
53. -----------. (2002). The wave of power-sharing democracy. The architecture of democracy: Constitutional design, conflict management, and democracy, 37-54.
54. Livingston, W. S. (1952). A Note on the Nature of Federalism. Political Science Quarterly, 67(1), 81-95.
55. Livingston, W. S. (1956). Federalism and constitutional change. Praeger.
56. Markakis, J. (1994). Ethnic Conflict and the State in the Horn of Africa. Ethnicity and Conflict in the Horn of Africa, 217-37.
57. Mengisteab, K. (2001). Ethiopia's ethnic-based Federalism: 10 years after. African issues, 29(1-2), 20-25.
58. Mengistu, M. M. (2015). Ethnic Federalism: A means for managing or a triggering factor for ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia. Social Sciences, 4(4), 94-105.
59. Michael, Y. G., Hadgu, K., & Ambaye, Z. (2005). Addressing pastoralist conflict in Ethiopia: The case of the Kuraz and Hamer sub-districts of South Omo zone.
60. Mohammed, A. A., & Yıldırım, A. F. (2023). Ethnicity and ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia.
61. Moore, M. (2003). Sub-state nationalism and international law. Mich. J. Int'l L., 25, 1319.
62. Nyong'o, P. A. (2002). The study of African politics: A critical appreciation of a heritage. Heinrich Böll Foundation.
63. Oberschall, A. (2000). The manipulation of ethnicity: from ethnic cooperation to violence and war in Yugoslavia. Ethnic and racial studies, 23(6), 982-1001.
64. Odion, I. R. (2011). A critical assessment on Nigerian Federalism: path to a true federal system. A paper presented at the 4th annual national conference, IBB hall FCE (T) Potiskum, Yobe state.
65. Ottaway, M. (1995). The Ethiopian transition: democratization or new authoritarianism?. Northeast African Studies, 2(3), 67-84.
66. Rath, S. (1984). Federalism today: Approaches, issues, and trends. Sterling.
67. Regassa, T. (2010). Learning to Live with Conflicts: Federalism as a Tool of Conflict Management in Ethiopia--An Overview. Mizan Law Review, 4(1), 52-101.
68. Riker. H. (1964). Federalism: Origin, operation, significance. Boston: Little, Brown.
69. Rosens, E. (1989). Creating ethnicity. The process of Ethnogenesis news way park sage publications.
70. Studlar, D. T. (2009). Understanding Federalism and Devolution. West Virginia, CQ Press
71. Terry, G., & Hayfield, N. (2021). Essentials of thematic analysis. American Psychological Association.
72. Tremblay, A., & Gagnon, A. G. (2022). Multi-national, multicultural, intercultural, and plurinational Federalism. In Teaching Federalism (pp. 141-153). Edward Elgar Publishing.
73. Tronvoll, K. (2003). Identities in conflict: an ethnography of war and the politics of identity in Ethiopia, 1998-2000 (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London)).
74. Turton, D. (2005). Four Questions about Ethiopia's Ethnic Federalism. St Antony's International Review, 1(2), 88-101.
75. Van der Beken, C. (2009). Federalism and the accommodation of ethnic diversity: The case of Ethiopia. In Third European Conference on African Studies.
76. Vaughan, S., & Tronvoll, K. (2003). The culture of power in contemporary Ethiopian political life.
77. Vestal, M. (2009). Ethiopia: A Post-Cold War African State. London: Praeger.
78. Walle E. (2005). Ethiopia: the pit falls of Ethnic Federalism. In: Issues and Trends in Contemporary African Politics. Agbango G. (Ed.). New York: Peter Lang.
79. Wan, E., & Vanderwerf, M. (2009). A Review of the Literature on Ethnicity, National Identity, and Related Missiological Studies.
80. Watts, R. L (2008). Comparing federal systems. Institute of Intergovernmental.
81. Webel, C., & Galtung, J. (Eds.). (2007). Handbook of peace and conflict studies (Vol. 7). London: Routledge.
Authors
[1]
“The Quest for Peace: Examining the Impact of Ethnic Federalism on Conflict Management in Ethiopia”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 8, no. 04, pp. 34852–34866, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.18535/sshj.v8i04.1007.
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