Cross Border Agreement as an Indonesia-Malaysia Political Policy to Overcome the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic
Abstract
This research offers novelty in looking at the political policies that regulate Cross Border Agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia to overcome post-Covid-19. This research aims to analyze cross-border agreements and political policies in regulating border crossings between Indonesia and Malaysia after the Covid-19 pandemic. Cross-border political policies in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic support the profile of the business ecosystem in both countries, which in turn supports society's need to rise and adapt as a result of the policies in place between the two countries to deal with the pandemic. The method used to analyze the data found by researchers in this article is a qualitative descriptive approach. Researchers found that the Cross-Border Agreement agreed upon at the 43rd General Border Committee has had several impacts on border crossers, namely the border communities of West Kalimantan (Indonesia) and Sarawak (Malaysia), resulting in stronger commitment between countries regarding border security and the community's economy, and socio-politics of border communities.
References
1. Abao, A. S. (2019). Cross-border migration in the border area of Jagoi Babang, Indonesia with Serikin, Sarawak, Malaysia: A case study of Indonesian traders at Serikin Market, Sarawak, Malaysia-opportunities and challenges. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 9(1). https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_3_se_gbcss_2019.pdf
2. Anuar, A. R., & Raharjo, S. N. I. (2022). Indonesia-Malaysia Cross-Border Governance During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Challenges And Adaptation In The Integration Of The Tebedu-Entikong Border Region. Journal of International Studies, 18, 89–123. https://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/jis/article/view/14448
3. Arifin, M. A. N., Putro, H. P. H., & Firman, T. (2022). Territorial Politics in Cross-Border Local Development Strategies in the Krayan–Ba’Kelalan Region at the Indonesia–Malaysia Border. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 1–25. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08865655.2022.2104341
4. Astuti, T. M. P. (2018). Trafficking di Pos Lintas Batas Entikong-Tebedu: Kasus di Perbatasan Indonesia dengan Malaysia. Forum Ilmu Sosial, 45(1). https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/FIS/article/view/15546
5. Ball, S. J. (2015). What is policy? 21 years later: reflections on the possibilities of policy research. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 36:3, 306-313. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01596306.2015.1015279
6. Bambani, A. (2022). Sarawak and West Kalimantan Border Reopens by April 1, Quarantine Free. The Indonesia. https://www.theindonesia.id/news/2022/03/29/073000/sarawak-and-west-kalimantan-border-reopens-by-april-1-without-quarantine
7. Bie, Q. L., Zhou, S. Y., & Li, C. S. (2013). The impact of Border policy effect on cross-border ethnic areas. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XL-4/W3, 35–40. https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XL-4-W3/35/2013/
8. Boyce, G., & Nevins, J. (2022). Common Immunity or Microbial Xenophobia? : Nation-State Boundary Controls and the Spread of Disease in the Era of Covid-19. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 21(6), 710–727. https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/2118
9. Castanho, R., Loures, L., Fernández, J., & Pozo, L. (2018). Identifying critical factors for success in Cross Border Cooperation (CBC) development projects. Habitat International, 72, 92–99. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197397516307731
10. Dadusc, D. (2019). The micropolitics of border struggles: migrants’ squats and inhabitance as alternatives to citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 23. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13621025.2019.1634377
11. Darmawan, A. D. (2023). Total Kematian Covid-19 Indonesia Urutan Ke-2 di Asia. Databoks Katatada. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/07/14/total-kematian-covid-19-indonesia-urutan-ke-2-di-asia
12. Elviana, D. (2018). Analisis Saluran dan Fungsi Pemasaran Komoditas Hortikultura Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Kawasan Perbatasan (Study Kasus di Pulau Sebatik Kabupaten Nunukan Propinsi Kalimantan Utara). Jurnal Borneo Saintek, 1(2). http://jurnal.borneo.ac.id/index.php/borneo_saintek/article/view/909
13. Elviana, D. (2019). Analisis Informasi Pasar Komoditi Mangga Di Wilayah Perbatasan Indonesia Malaysia (Sebuah Kasus Di Desa Aji Kuning Kecamatan Sebatik Tengah). Jurnal Borneo Saintek, 2(1). http://jurnal.borneo.ac.id/index.php/borneo_saintek/article/view/636
14. Fitriasari, E. T. (2022). The Urgency Of Cultural Revitalization In The Indonesia-Malaysia Border Region. International Journal of Social Science (IJSS), 1(5), 569–574. https://bajangjournal.com/index.php/IJSS/article/view/1296/910
15. Finambello, F., & Suprojo, A. (2019). Analisis Pengaruh Pembangunan Pos Lintas Batas Negara Terhadap Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Sosial Masyarakat Perbatasan. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Politik (JISIP), 8(2). https://publikasi.unitri.ac.id/index.php/fisip/article/view/1721
16. Firdaus. (2019). Dampak kebijakan pembangunan Pos Lintas Batas Negara (PLBN) Aruk di Desa Sebunga Kabupaten Sambas, Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pemerintahan (JIIP), 3(2). https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jiip/article/view/3881/2318
17. Hameiri, S., Jones, L., & Heathershaw, J. (2019). Reframing the rising powers debate: state transformation and foreign policy. Third World Quarterly, 40(8), 1397–1414. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2019.1594182
18. Hidayah, U., Klau, A. D., & Prima, S. R. (2022). Analisis Ketimpangan Investasi di Wilayah Perbatasan Kalimantan Barat tahun 2015-2020. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan (JEP), 11(2), 70–79. http://jurnal.feb.unila.ac.id/index.php/jep/article/view/467
19. Iswanto, B., Munadi, M., & Suriadi, S. (2020). Uncover Local Wisdom Value Of Trade At The Border Of Indonesia-Malaysia: An Islamic Economics Perspective. Share: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam, 9 (2),138-163. https://idr.uin-antasari.ac.id/25001/
20. Karim, M. F. (2019). State transformation and cross-border regionalism in Indonesia's periphery: contesting the center. Third World Quarterly, 40(8), 1554–1570. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2019.1620598
21. Kemhan.go.id. (2023). GBC Malindo ke-43, Menhan Prabowo Sampaikan Capaian Penting Kerja Sama RI-Malaysia. Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia. https://www.kemhan.go.id/2023/10/12/gbc-malindo-ke-43-menhan-prabowo-sampaikan-capaian-penting-kerja-sama-ri-malaysia.html
22. Kemlu.go.id. (2023). 8th Meeting on the Review of Border Crossing Agreement (BCA) Between Malaysia and Indonesia. Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. https://www.kemlu.go.id/kuching/id/news/23259/8th-meeting-on-the-review-of-border-crossing-agreement-bca-between-malaysia-and-indonesia
23. LPEM FEB UI. (2020). Thinking Ahead: Indonesia’s Agenda on Sustainable Recovery from COVID-19 Pandemic. LPEM FEB UI & BAPPENAS. https://sdgs.bappenas.go.id/website/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Thinking-Ahead-Indonesia%E2%80%99s-Agenda-on-Sustainable-Recovery-from-COVID-19-Pandemic.pdf
24. Mahapatra, D. A. (2017). States, locals and cross-border cooperation in Kashmir: Is secondary foreign policy in making in South Asia? Regional & Federal Studies, 27(3), 341–358. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13597566.2017.1343721
25. Nelles, J., & Durand, F. (2014). Political rescaling and metropolitan governance in cross-border regions: Comparing the cross-border metropolitan areas of Lille and Luxembourg. European Urban and Regional Studies, 21(1), 104-122. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0969776411431103
26. Nikolas, F. (2020). Penyalahgunaan Pas Lintas Batas Oleh Pihak Ketiga Terhadap Terjadinya Kejahatan Melalui Pos Lintas Batas Jagoi Babang. Perahu (Penerangan Hukum) Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 4(1). https://jurnal.unka.ac.id/index.php/Perahu/article/view/246/360
27. Nurdin, A., Sudjito, S., & Arsana, I. M. A. (2023). The Unsettled Agreement of the 2019 Re-Demarcation of the Indonesia-Malaysia Boundary Line’s Impact. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 2(9). https://ijoms.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/ijoms/article/view/524
28. Prabowo, H., Indrayani, E., Rusfiana, Y., & Sinaga, O. (2022). Development of Local Government Capacity in Managing Indonesia-Malaysia Border Area (Study on Sebatik Island). Croatian International Relations Review, 28(90), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.2478/CIRR-2022-002
29. Pusat Strategi Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik dan Afrika. (2021). Prospek dan Permasalahan Pembangunan Pos Lintas Batas Negara (PLBN) di Kawasan Perbatasan Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Utara. Pusat Strategi Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik dan Afrika, Badan Strategi Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Kementerian Luar Negeri. https://kemlu.go.id/download/L3NpdGVzL3B1c2F0L0RvY3VtZW50cy9LYWppYW4lMjBCUFBLL1AzSzIlMjBBU1BBU0FGLzIyX0thamlhbiUyMFBMQk4ucGRm
30. Rahim, D. A., Priyarsono, D. S., Rustiadi, E., & Syaukat, Y. (2022). Have the Government’s Efforts to Build Border Areas Succeeded? Case Studies in Kalimantan Corridor - Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 17(1), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170133
31. Rizki, M., & Merdekawati, A. (2018). The Significance of Boundary Construction at Land Border between Indonesia–Malaysia in Temajuk Village, Sambas Regency as Manifestations of Indonesia’s Sovereignty. KnE Social Sciences, 3(5), 405–423. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2346
32. Samin, R., & Poti, J. (2022). Policy Strategy in Management Local Government Kepulauan Riau Province in Border Area. Journal of Public Policy and Administration, 6(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jppa.20220602.13
33. Sarjono, F., & Rudiatin, E. (2022). Informal Cross-Border Trade: Malaysia-Indonesia Borders The Conceptualisation From ‘Authority-Defined’ To “Everyday-Defined.” BASKARA : Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.54268/baskara.5.1.108-122
34. Savage, G. C. (2020). What is policy assemblage? Territory, Politics, Governance. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2018.1559760
35. Simanjuntak, T. R. (2018). Signifikasi Peran Negara Dalam Pembangunan Pos Lintas Batas Negara Entikong Pada Masa Pemerintahan Joko Widodo. Jurnal Cakrawala. https://ejournal.uksw.edu/cakrawala/article/download/2082/1450
36. Singgalen, Y. A., Sasongko, G., & Wiloso, P. G. (2018). Tourism Destination in Remote Area : Problems and Challenges of Tourism Development in North Halmahera as Remote and Border Areas of Indonesia-Philippines. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies, 6(3), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.04
37. Suratman, H., Samekto, F. A., & Trihastuti, N. (2020). Servitude Di Perbatasan Indonesia – Malaysia (Sebagai Alternatif Mengembangkan Ekonomi Perbatasan Di Kalbar-Serawak). Masalah-Masalah Hukum. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.49.2.2020.192-201
38. Wardani, P. R. (2023). Indonesia-Malaysia Held Coordinated Patrol as Relationship Improved. Indonesian National Police. https://inp.polri.go.id/2023/10/13/indonesia-malaysia-held-coordinated-patrol-as-relationship-improved/
39. Wijananto, A. (2023). Pertemuan GBC Malindo Sepakati Penyelesaian Masalah Perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia. RRI. https://www.rri.co.id/nasional/396889/pertemuan-gbc-malindo-sepakati-penyelesaian-masalah-perbatasan-indonesia-malaysia?utm_source=popular_home&utm_medium=internal_link&utm_campaign=General%20Campaign
40. Villanueva, J. L., Kidokoro, T., & Seta, F. (2020). Cross-Border Integration, Cooperation and Governance: A Systems Approach for Evaluating “Good” Governance in Cross-Border Regions. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 37. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08865655.2020.1855227
2. Anuar, A. R., & Raharjo, S. N. I. (2022). Indonesia-Malaysia Cross-Border Governance During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Challenges And Adaptation In The Integration Of The Tebedu-Entikong Border Region. Journal of International Studies, 18, 89–123. https://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/jis/article/view/14448
3. Arifin, M. A. N., Putro, H. P. H., & Firman, T. (2022). Territorial Politics in Cross-Border Local Development Strategies in the Krayan–Ba’Kelalan Region at the Indonesia–Malaysia Border. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 1–25. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08865655.2022.2104341
4. Astuti, T. M. P. (2018). Trafficking di Pos Lintas Batas Entikong-Tebedu: Kasus di Perbatasan Indonesia dengan Malaysia. Forum Ilmu Sosial, 45(1). https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/FIS/article/view/15546
5. Ball, S. J. (2015). What is policy? 21 years later: reflections on the possibilities of policy research. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 36:3, 306-313. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01596306.2015.1015279
6. Bambani, A. (2022). Sarawak and West Kalimantan Border Reopens by April 1, Quarantine Free. The Indonesia. https://www.theindonesia.id/news/2022/03/29/073000/sarawak-and-west-kalimantan-border-reopens-by-april-1-without-quarantine
7. Bie, Q. L., Zhou, S. Y., & Li, C. S. (2013). The impact of Border policy effect on cross-border ethnic areas. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XL-4/W3, 35–40. https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XL-4-W3/35/2013/
8. Boyce, G., & Nevins, J. (2022). Common Immunity or Microbial Xenophobia? : Nation-State Boundary Controls and the Spread of Disease in the Era of Covid-19. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 21(6), 710–727. https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/2118
9. Castanho, R., Loures, L., Fernández, J., & Pozo, L. (2018). Identifying critical factors for success in Cross Border Cooperation (CBC) development projects. Habitat International, 72, 92–99. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197397516307731
10. Dadusc, D. (2019). The micropolitics of border struggles: migrants’ squats and inhabitance as alternatives to citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 23. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13621025.2019.1634377
11. Darmawan, A. D. (2023). Total Kematian Covid-19 Indonesia Urutan Ke-2 di Asia. Databoks Katatada. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/07/14/total-kematian-covid-19-indonesia-urutan-ke-2-di-asia
12. Elviana, D. (2018). Analisis Saluran dan Fungsi Pemasaran Komoditas Hortikultura Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Kawasan Perbatasan (Study Kasus di Pulau Sebatik Kabupaten Nunukan Propinsi Kalimantan Utara). Jurnal Borneo Saintek, 1(2). http://jurnal.borneo.ac.id/index.php/borneo_saintek/article/view/909
13. Elviana, D. (2019). Analisis Informasi Pasar Komoditi Mangga Di Wilayah Perbatasan Indonesia Malaysia (Sebuah Kasus Di Desa Aji Kuning Kecamatan Sebatik Tengah). Jurnal Borneo Saintek, 2(1). http://jurnal.borneo.ac.id/index.php/borneo_saintek/article/view/636
14. Fitriasari, E. T. (2022). The Urgency Of Cultural Revitalization In The Indonesia-Malaysia Border Region. International Journal of Social Science (IJSS), 1(5), 569–574. https://bajangjournal.com/index.php/IJSS/article/view/1296/910
15. Finambello, F., & Suprojo, A. (2019). Analisis Pengaruh Pembangunan Pos Lintas Batas Negara Terhadap Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Sosial Masyarakat Perbatasan. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Politik (JISIP), 8(2). https://publikasi.unitri.ac.id/index.php/fisip/article/view/1721
16. Firdaus. (2019). Dampak kebijakan pembangunan Pos Lintas Batas Negara (PLBN) Aruk di Desa Sebunga Kabupaten Sambas, Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pemerintahan (JIIP), 3(2). https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jiip/article/view/3881/2318
17. Hameiri, S., Jones, L., & Heathershaw, J. (2019). Reframing the rising powers debate: state transformation and foreign policy. Third World Quarterly, 40(8), 1397–1414. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2019.1594182
18. Hidayah, U., Klau, A. D., & Prima, S. R. (2022). Analisis Ketimpangan Investasi di Wilayah Perbatasan Kalimantan Barat tahun 2015-2020. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan (JEP), 11(2), 70–79. http://jurnal.feb.unila.ac.id/index.php/jep/article/view/467
19. Iswanto, B., Munadi, M., & Suriadi, S. (2020). Uncover Local Wisdom Value Of Trade At The Border Of Indonesia-Malaysia: An Islamic Economics Perspective. Share: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam, 9 (2),138-163. https://idr.uin-antasari.ac.id/25001/
20. Karim, M. F. (2019). State transformation and cross-border regionalism in Indonesia's periphery: contesting the center. Third World Quarterly, 40(8), 1554–1570. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2019.1620598
21. Kemhan.go.id. (2023). GBC Malindo ke-43, Menhan Prabowo Sampaikan Capaian Penting Kerja Sama RI-Malaysia. Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia. https://www.kemhan.go.id/2023/10/12/gbc-malindo-ke-43-menhan-prabowo-sampaikan-capaian-penting-kerja-sama-ri-malaysia.html
22. Kemlu.go.id. (2023). 8th Meeting on the Review of Border Crossing Agreement (BCA) Between Malaysia and Indonesia. Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. https://www.kemlu.go.id/kuching/id/news/23259/8th-meeting-on-the-review-of-border-crossing-agreement-bca-between-malaysia-and-indonesia
23. LPEM FEB UI. (2020). Thinking Ahead: Indonesia’s Agenda on Sustainable Recovery from COVID-19 Pandemic. LPEM FEB UI & BAPPENAS. https://sdgs.bappenas.go.id/website/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Thinking-Ahead-Indonesia%E2%80%99s-Agenda-on-Sustainable-Recovery-from-COVID-19-Pandemic.pdf
24. Mahapatra, D. A. (2017). States, locals and cross-border cooperation in Kashmir: Is secondary foreign policy in making in South Asia? Regional & Federal Studies, 27(3), 341–358. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13597566.2017.1343721
25. Nelles, J., & Durand, F. (2014). Political rescaling and metropolitan governance in cross-border regions: Comparing the cross-border metropolitan areas of Lille and Luxembourg. European Urban and Regional Studies, 21(1), 104-122. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0969776411431103
26. Nikolas, F. (2020). Penyalahgunaan Pas Lintas Batas Oleh Pihak Ketiga Terhadap Terjadinya Kejahatan Melalui Pos Lintas Batas Jagoi Babang. Perahu (Penerangan Hukum) Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 4(1). https://jurnal.unka.ac.id/index.php/Perahu/article/view/246/360
27. Nurdin, A., Sudjito, S., & Arsana, I. M. A. (2023). The Unsettled Agreement of the 2019 Re-Demarcation of the Indonesia-Malaysia Boundary Line’s Impact. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 2(9). https://ijoms.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/ijoms/article/view/524
28. Prabowo, H., Indrayani, E., Rusfiana, Y., & Sinaga, O. (2022). Development of Local Government Capacity in Managing Indonesia-Malaysia Border Area (Study on Sebatik Island). Croatian International Relations Review, 28(90), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.2478/CIRR-2022-002
29. Pusat Strategi Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik dan Afrika. (2021). Prospek dan Permasalahan Pembangunan Pos Lintas Batas Negara (PLBN) di Kawasan Perbatasan Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Utara. Pusat Strategi Kebijakan Kawasan Asia Pasifik dan Afrika, Badan Strategi Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Kementerian Luar Negeri. https://kemlu.go.id/download/L3NpdGVzL3B1c2F0L0RvY3VtZW50cy9LYWppYW4lMjBCUFBLL1AzSzIlMjBBU1BBU0FGLzIyX0thamlhbiUyMFBMQk4ucGRm
30. Rahim, D. A., Priyarsono, D. S., Rustiadi, E., & Syaukat, Y. (2022). Have the Government’s Efforts to Build Border Areas Succeeded? Case Studies in Kalimantan Corridor - Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 17(1), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170133
31. Rizki, M., & Merdekawati, A. (2018). The Significance of Boundary Construction at Land Border between Indonesia–Malaysia in Temajuk Village, Sambas Regency as Manifestations of Indonesia’s Sovereignty. KnE Social Sciences, 3(5), 405–423. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2346
32. Samin, R., & Poti, J. (2022). Policy Strategy in Management Local Government Kepulauan Riau Province in Border Area. Journal of Public Policy and Administration, 6(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jppa.20220602.13
33. Sarjono, F., & Rudiatin, E. (2022). Informal Cross-Border Trade: Malaysia-Indonesia Borders The Conceptualisation From ‘Authority-Defined’ To “Everyday-Defined.” BASKARA : Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.54268/baskara.5.1.108-122
34. Savage, G. C. (2020). What is policy assemblage? Territory, Politics, Governance. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2018.1559760
35. Simanjuntak, T. R. (2018). Signifikasi Peran Negara Dalam Pembangunan Pos Lintas Batas Negara Entikong Pada Masa Pemerintahan Joko Widodo. Jurnal Cakrawala. https://ejournal.uksw.edu/cakrawala/article/download/2082/1450
36. Singgalen, Y. A., Sasongko, G., & Wiloso, P. G. (2018). Tourism Destination in Remote Area : Problems and Challenges of Tourism Development in North Halmahera as Remote and Border Areas of Indonesia-Philippines. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies, 6(3), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.04
37. Suratman, H., Samekto, F. A., & Trihastuti, N. (2020). Servitude Di Perbatasan Indonesia – Malaysia (Sebagai Alternatif Mengembangkan Ekonomi Perbatasan Di Kalbar-Serawak). Masalah-Masalah Hukum. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.49.2.2020.192-201
38. Wardani, P. R. (2023). Indonesia-Malaysia Held Coordinated Patrol as Relationship Improved. Indonesian National Police. https://inp.polri.go.id/2023/10/13/indonesia-malaysia-held-coordinated-patrol-as-relationship-improved/
39. Wijananto, A. (2023). Pertemuan GBC Malindo Sepakati Penyelesaian Masalah Perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia. RRI. https://www.rri.co.id/nasional/396889/pertemuan-gbc-malindo-sepakati-penyelesaian-masalah-perbatasan-indonesia-malaysia?utm_source=popular_home&utm_medium=internal_link&utm_campaign=General%20Campaign
40. Villanueva, J. L., Kidokoro, T., & Seta, F. (2020). Cross-Border Integration, Cooperation and Governance: A Systems Approach for Evaluating “Good” Governance in Cross-Border Regions. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 37. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08865655.2020.1855227
Authors
Bakran Suni
Nurfitri Nugrahaningsih
Fuzy Firda Zhan
[1]
“Cross Border Agreement as an Indonesia-Malaysia Political Policy to Overcome the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 8, no. 04, pp. 3530–3542, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.18535/sshj.v8i04.1044.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.