Teachers' Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge and Students' Performance in The ESL Classroom
Abstract
Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge, often referred to as TPACK, is a conceptual framework that exemplifies the dynamic relationship between technology (T), pedagogy (P), and content knowledge (C) in educational settings. This study sought to explore the potential of TPACK as a holistic framework among the ESL junior high school teachers at the Schools Division of the City of Ilagan, Isabela for the School Year 2023-2024. For this purpose, 54 ESL teachers and 300 ESL students were the respondents of the study. The study used the quantitative approach, particularly the descriptive-correlational method and utilized an adapted questionnaire. The study revealed that the respondents generally agreed with the indicators of TPACK. Also, the findings revealed that the respondents obtained the highest mean rating of 3.47 in Pedagogical Knowledge. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found in the sub-domains of TPACK when grouped according to the teachers’ length of teaching experience. Interestingly, the data confirmed that having a high educational attainment does not necessarily translate to better performance in relation to the indicators of TPACK. Moreover, the study revealed that there’s no significant evidence on the relationship between teachers’ level of TPACK and students’ academic performance. This study therefore recommends an in-depth analysis of teachers’ TPACK may be carried out using other ways of data collection other than a self-report tool and explore the moderating roles of other variables that might have an influence on teachers’ level of TPACK and students’ academic performance.
References
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3. Adipat, S. (2021). Developing technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) through technology-enhanced content and language-integrated learning (T-CLIL) Instruction. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 6461-6477.
4. Angeli, C. & Valanides, N. (2008). Epistemological and methodological issues for the conceptualization, development, and assessment of ICT–TPCK: Advances in technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK). Computers & Education 52, 154-168. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.07.006
5. Aldisa, R. T. (2024). TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR STUDENTS AT THE DOMYADHU PEJATEN. International Journal of Teaching and Learning, 2(4), 978-981.
6. Akturk, A.O. & Saka Ozturk, H. (2019). Teachers’ TPACK levels and students’ self-efficacy as predictors of students’ academic achievement. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 5(1), 283-294.
7. Azhar, I. N. K., & Hashim, H. (2022). Level of ESL Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Skill and Attitude towards Technology. Creative Education, 13, 1193- 1210. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2022.134074
8. Bulman, G. (2016). [Handbook of the Economics of Education] Volume 5 || Technology and Education. , (), 239–280. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63459-7.00005-1
9. Bugueño, W. M. R. (2013). Using TPACK to promote effective language teaching in an ESL / EFL classroom. University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks. UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN IOWA. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp/150
10. Cloete, A.L., 2017, ‘Technology and education: Challenges and opportunities’, HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies 73(4), a4589. https://doi.org/ 10.4102/hts.v73i4.4589
11. Chai, C. S., Koh, J. H. L., Tsai, C., & Tan, L. (2011). Modelling primary school pre-service teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) for meaningful learning with information and communication technology (ICT). Computers & Education, 57(1), 1184-1193. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.compedu.2011.01.007
12. Dadvand, B. and Behzadpoor, F. (2020) ‘Pedagogical knowledge in English language teaching: A lifelong-learning, complex-system perspective’. London Review of Education, 18 (1): 107–125. https://doi.org/10.18546/LRE.18.1.08
13. Drajati, N. A., Tan, L., Haryati, S., Rochsantiningsih, D., & Zainnuri, H. (2018). Investigating English language teachers in developing TPACK and multimodal literacy. In Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics (Vol. 7, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i3.9806
14. Ertmer, P. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Sadik, O., Sendurur, E., & Sendurur, P. (2012). Teacher beliefs and technology integration practices: A critical relationship. Computers & Education, 59(2), 423-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.001
15. Filgona, Jacob & John, Sakiyo & Gwany, D. (2020). TEACHERS' PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE AND STUDENTS' ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: A THEORETICAL OVERVIEW. 14. 14-44.
16. Foulger, T. S., Graziano, K. J., Schmidt-Crawford, D. A., & Slykhuis, D. A. (2017). Technology integration in K-12 classrooms: Adoption, teachers' professional development, and content-specific uses. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 55(5), 671-681.
17. Nugroho, B. S., Tannady, H., Fuadi, T. M., Aina, M., & Anggreni, M. A. (2023). Role of Work Experience, Work Motivation and Educational Background on Teacher Performance at Vocational School. Journal of Education and Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 476-487.
18. Indriyono, H., Budiraharjo, M. & Bram, B. (2022) Assessing Vocational High School EFL Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Online Learning. Journal od English Language and Pedagogy. 5(20), 310-319.
19. Jason T. Abbitt (2011) Measuring Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Preservice Teacher Education, Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 43:4, 281-300, DOI: 10.1080/15391523.2011.10782573
20. Ji, Hyangeun & Shin, Hye Won. (2020). Understanding of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in South Korea: Does experience make a difference? Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 23(3), 45-67.
21. Jones, Monty & Debbagh, Mohammed. (2015). Using the TPACK Framework to Examine Technology Integration in English Language Teaching.
22. Kassem, M. A., (2018) Balancing Technology With Pedagogy In English Language Classroom: Teachers' Perspective. International Journal of English Language Teaching. 6(9), 1-19
23. Kapur, R. (2018). Pedagogical practices.
24. Keengwe, J. & Gergina, D., 2013, ‘Supporting digital natives to learn effectively with technology tools’, International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education 9(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.4018/jicte.2013010105
25. Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 60-70.
26. Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., Kereluik, K., Shin, T. S., & Graham, C. R. (2014). The Techno logical Pedagogical Content Knowledge Framework. In J. M. Spector, M. D. Merrill, J. Elen, & M. J. Bishop (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology (4th ed., pp. 101-111). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-46 14-3185-5_9
27. König J, Lammerding S, Nold G, Rohde A. (2016) Teachers’ professional knowledge for teaching English as a foreign language assessing the outcomes of teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education. 2016;67(4):320-337.
28. Korau YK. Pedagogical strategies for improving the teaching and learning of mathematics at the colleges of agriculture in Nigeria. Journal of Studies in Science and Mathematics Education. 2010;1(1):29-43.
29. Kurt, S. (2019). TPACK: Technological pedagogical content Knowledge Framework. https://educationaltechnology.net/technological-pedagogical-content-knowledge-tpack-framework/
30. Li, S.; Liu, Y.; Su, Y.-S. Differential Analysis of Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Abilities According to Teaching Stages and Educational Levels. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7176. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127176
31. Liwei Hsu (2017): Examining EFL teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge and the adoption of mobile-assisted language learning: a partial least square approach, Computer Assisted Language Learning, DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2016.1278024
32. Liu, Siping (2013). Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Case Study of ESL Teacher Educator. English Language Teaching, 6(7), –. doi:10.5539/elt.v6n7p128
33. Loewenberg Ball, D.; Thames, M. H.; Phelps, G. (2008). Content Knowledge for Teaching: What Makes It Special?. , 59(5), 389–407. doi:10.1177/0022487108324554
34. Ma’mun, T. N., Kosasih, A., Rohmayani, Y., Fimansyah, E.K., & Al- khresheh, M. H. (2021). Foreign language teachers’ technological and pedagogical content knowledge: A study with AFL teachers in Indonesia. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(4), 1998-2021. Doi: 10.52462/jlls.145
35. Mahdi OR, Nassar IA, Almuslamani HAI: The role of using case studies method in improving students’ critical thinking skills in higher education. International Journal of Higher Education. 2020; 9(2): 297–308
36. Mansouri Qadikolaei, A., Marzban, A., & Fakhri Alamdari, E. (2024). Investigating the Level of TPACK among Iranian EFL Teachers in Relation to their Educational Background and Teaching Experience. Journal of Applied Linguistics Studies, 3(2), 1-17.
37. Mansour, N., Said, Z., & Abu-Tineh, A. (2024). Factors impacting science and mathematics teachers’ competencies and self-efficacy in TPACK for PBL and STEM. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(5), em2442.
38. Mihireteab Abraham, Zeleke Arficho, Tesfaye Habtemariam & Abate Demissie (2022) Effects of information communication technology-assisted teaching training on English language teachers’ pedagogical knowledge and English language proficiency, Cogent Education, 9:1, 2028336, DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2022.2028336
39. Muhaimin, M., Habibi, A., Mukminin, A., Saudagar, F., Pratama, R., Wahyuni, S. et al. (2019). A sequential explanatory investigation of tpack: Indonesian science teachers’ survey and perspective. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 9(3), 269-281. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.662
40. Muhamad, N. A. (2014) Investigating the Roles of Motivation and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in Computer Mediated-Communication (CMC) Speaking Skills Instruction. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature. 3(2), 112-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.2p.112
41. Muhaimin, M., Habibi, A., Mukminin, A., Saudagar, F., Pratama, R., Wahyuni, S. et al. (2019). A sequential explanatory investigation of tpack: Indonesian science teachers’ survey and perspective. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 9(3), 269-281. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.662
42. Nazari, Naghmeh & Nafissi, Zohreh & Estaji, Masoomeh. (2020). The Impact of an Online Professional Development Course on EFL Teachers' TPACK. 4. 59-86. 10.22051/lghor.2020.29892.1248.
43. Naghmeh Nazari, Zohreh Nafissi, Masoomeh Estaji & S. Susan Marandi | (2019) Evaluating novice and experienced EFL teachers’ perceived TPACK for their professional development, Cogent Education, 6:1, 1632010, DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2019.1632010
44. Nugroho, B. S., Tannady, H., Fuadi, T. M., Aina, M., & Anggreni, M. A. (2023). Role of Work Experience, Work Motivation and Educational Background on Teacher Performance at Vocational School. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kewirausahaan, 11(2), 476-487.
45. OlisamaVO, Odumosu MO, Egho EO. The use of internet for teaching effectiveness in mathematics: Benefits and challenges. A Journal of Educational Research and Development (JERD). 2011;6(1):243-248.
46. Ozden M. The effect of content knowledge on pedagogical content knowledge: The case of teaching phases of matters. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice. 2008;8(2):633- 645
47. Ramos, R. A., Babasa, E. E., Vergara, I. B., Manalo, B. I., Gappi, L. L., & Morfi, T. G. (2020). The TPACK Confidence of Pre-service Teachers in Selected Philippine Teacher Education Institutions. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 5 (37), 196-205.
48. Santos, J., Castro R., (2021) Technological Pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in action: Application of learning in the classroom by pre-service teachers (PST). Social Sciences and Humanities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100110
49. Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., Howard, S. K., & Tondeur, J. (2023). The more experienced, the better prepared? New evidence on the relation between teachers’ experience and their readiness for online teaching and learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 139, 107530.
50. Shafie, H, Majid, F.A, & Isnail, I. S. (2022) Developing a 21st Century Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Instrument: Content Validity and Reliability. International Journal of Education, 14(3), 100-115. doi:10.5296/ije.v14i3.19980
51. Shing, C. L, Mohd, R., & Loke, S. H. (2015) The Knowledge of Teaching – Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Science 3(3), 40-55
52. Shoukat, S., Mamoon, R., & Arif, M. F. (2024). Enhancing Language Proficiency Through TPACK Model and AI Applications A Study on Effective Integration Strategies in English Language Instruction. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 8(2), 540-554.
53. Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the New Reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–22.
54. So, H.-J. & Kim, B. (2006). Conflicts in pedagogical and technical knowledge: Pre-service teachers’ understanding and misconception of integrating technology into PBL lessons. International Conference for the Learning Sciences 2006. http://www.lsl.nie.edu.sg/events/ICLS2006_Proceeding_DrSo.pdf
55. Tai, H-C, Pan, M-Y, & Lee, B-O. (2015) Applying Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) model to develop an online English writing course for nursing students. 35(6), 782-788 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.02.016
56. Uçar, S. (2023). A meta-synthesis study: An investigation of studies on EFL teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) competencies in Turkey Journal of Computer and Education Research, 11 (22), 1003-1021. https://doi.org/10.18009/jcer.1355595
57. Zhakiyanova, Z., Zhaitapova, A., Orakova, A., Baizhekina, S., Shnaider, V., & Nametkulova, F. (2023). Investigation of primary school teachers' professional competencies and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) competencies. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology (IJEMST), 11(5), 1154-1172. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.3604
2. Abubakir, H., & Alshaboul, Y. (2023). Unravelling EFL teachers' mastery of TPACK: Technological pedagogical and content knowledge in writing classes. Heliyon, 9(6).
3. Adipat, S. (2021). Developing technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) through technology-enhanced content and language-integrated learning (T-CLIL) Instruction. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 6461-6477.
4. Angeli, C. & Valanides, N. (2008). Epistemological and methodological issues for the conceptualization, development, and assessment of ICT–TPCK: Advances in technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK). Computers & Education 52, 154-168. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.07.006
5. Aldisa, R. T. (2024). TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR STUDENTS AT THE DOMYADHU PEJATEN. International Journal of Teaching and Learning, 2(4), 978-981.
6. Akturk, A.O. & Saka Ozturk, H. (2019). Teachers’ TPACK levels and students’ self-efficacy as predictors of students’ academic achievement. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 5(1), 283-294.
7. Azhar, I. N. K., & Hashim, H. (2022). Level of ESL Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Skill and Attitude towards Technology. Creative Education, 13, 1193- 1210. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2022.134074
8. Bulman, G. (2016). [Handbook of the Economics of Education] Volume 5 || Technology and Education. , (), 239–280. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63459-7.00005-1
9. Bugueño, W. M. R. (2013). Using TPACK to promote effective language teaching in an ESL / EFL classroom. University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks. UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN IOWA. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp/150
10. Cloete, A.L., 2017, ‘Technology and education: Challenges and opportunities’, HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies 73(4), a4589. https://doi.org/ 10.4102/hts.v73i4.4589
11. Chai, C. S., Koh, J. H. L., Tsai, C., & Tan, L. (2011). Modelling primary school pre-service teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) for meaningful learning with information and communication technology (ICT). Computers & Education, 57(1), 1184-1193. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.compedu.2011.01.007
12. Dadvand, B. and Behzadpoor, F. (2020) ‘Pedagogical knowledge in English language teaching: A lifelong-learning, complex-system perspective’. London Review of Education, 18 (1): 107–125. https://doi.org/10.18546/LRE.18.1.08
13. Drajati, N. A., Tan, L., Haryati, S., Rochsantiningsih, D., & Zainnuri, H. (2018). Investigating English language teachers in developing TPACK and multimodal literacy. In Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics (Vol. 7, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i3.9806
14. Ertmer, P. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Sadik, O., Sendurur, E., & Sendurur, P. (2012). Teacher beliefs and technology integration practices: A critical relationship. Computers & Education, 59(2), 423-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.001
15. Filgona, Jacob & John, Sakiyo & Gwany, D. (2020). TEACHERS' PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE AND STUDENTS' ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: A THEORETICAL OVERVIEW. 14. 14-44.
16. Foulger, T. S., Graziano, K. J., Schmidt-Crawford, D. A., & Slykhuis, D. A. (2017). Technology integration in K-12 classrooms: Adoption, teachers' professional development, and content-specific uses. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 55(5), 671-681.
17. Nugroho, B. S., Tannady, H., Fuadi, T. M., Aina, M., & Anggreni, M. A. (2023). Role of Work Experience, Work Motivation and Educational Background on Teacher Performance at Vocational School. Journal of Education and Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 476-487.
18. Indriyono, H., Budiraharjo, M. & Bram, B. (2022) Assessing Vocational High School EFL Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Online Learning. Journal od English Language and Pedagogy. 5(20), 310-319.
19. Jason T. Abbitt (2011) Measuring Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Preservice Teacher Education, Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 43:4, 281-300, DOI: 10.1080/15391523.2011.10782573
20. Ji, Hyangeun & Shin, Hye Won. (2020). Understanding of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in South Korea: Does experience make a difference? Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 23(3), 45-67.
21. Jones, Monty & Debbagh, Mohammed. (2015). Using the TPACK Framework to Examine Technology Integration in English Language Teaching.
22. Kassem, M. A., (2018) Balancing Technology With Pedagogy In English Language Classroom: Teachers' Perspective. International Journal of English Language Teaching. 6(9), 1-19
23. Kapur, R. (2018). Pedagogical practices.
24. Keengwe, J. & Gergina, D., 2013, ‘Supporting digital natives to learn effectively with technology tools’, International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education 9(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.4018/jicte.2013010105
25. Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 60-70.
26. Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., Kereluik, K., Shin, T. S., & Graham, C. R. (2014). The Techno logical Pedagogical Content Knowledge Framework. In J. M. Spector, M. D. Merrill, J. Elen, & M. J. Bishop (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology (4th ed., pp. 101-111). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-46 14-3185-5_9
27. König J, Lammerding S, Nold G, Rohde A. (2016) Teachers’ professional knowledge for teaching English as a foreign language assessing the outcomes of teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education. 2016;67(4):320-337.
28. Korau YK. Pedagogical strategies for improving the teaching and learning of mathematics at the colleges of agriculture in Nigeria. Journal of Studies in Science and Mathematics Education. 2010;1(1):29-43.
29. Kurt, S. (2019). TPACK: Technological pedagogical content Knowledge Framework. https://educationaltechnology.net/technological-pedagogical-content-knowledge-tpack-framework/
30. Li, S.; Liu, Y.; Su, Y.-S. Differential Analysis of Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Abilities According to Teaching Stages and Educational Levels. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7176. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127176
31. Liwei Hsu (2017): Examining EFL teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge and the adoption of mobile-assisted language learning: a partial least square approach, Computer Assisted Language Learning, DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2016.1278024
32. Liu, Siping (2013). Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Case Study of ESL Teacher Educator. English Language Teaching, 6(7), –. doi:10.5539/elt.v6n7p128
33. Loewenberg Ball, D.; Thames, M. H.; Phelps, G. (2008). Content Knowledge for Teaching: What Makes It Special?. , 59(5), 389–407. doi:10.1177/0022487108324554
34. Ma’mun, T. N., Kosasih, A., Rohmayani, Y., Fimansyah, E.K., & Al- khresheh, M. H. (2021). Foreign language teachers’ technological and pedagogical content knowledge: A study with AFL teachers in Indonesia. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(4), 1998-2021. Doi: 10.52462/jlls.145
35. Mahdi OR, Nassar IA, Almuslamani HAI: The role of using case studies method in improving students’ critical thinking skills in higher education. International Journal of Higher Education. 2020; 9(2): 297–308
36. Mansouri Qadikolaei, A., Marzban, A., & Fakhri Alamdari, E. (2024). Investigating the Level of TPACK among Iranian EFL Teachers in Relation to their Educational Background and Teaching Experience. Journal of Applied Linguistics Studies, 3(2), 1-17.
37. Mansour, N., Said, Z., & Abu-Tineh, A. (2024). Factors impacting science and mathematics teachers’ competencies and self-efficacy in TPACK for PBL and STEM. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 20(5), em2442.
38. Mihireteab Abraham, Zeleke Arficho, Tesfaye Habtemariam & Abate Demissie (2022) Effects of information communication technology-assisted teaching training on English language teachers’ pedagogical knowledge and English language proficiency, Cogent Education, 9:1, 2028336, DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2022.2028336
39. Muhaimin, M., Habibi, A., Mukminin, A., Saudagar, F., Pratama, R., Wahyuni, S. et al. (2019). A sequential explanatory investigation of tpack: Indonesian science teachers’ survey and perspective. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 9(3), 269-281. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.662
40. Muhamad, N. A. (2014) Investigating the Roles of Motivation and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in Computer Mediated-Communication (CMC) Speaking Skills Instruction. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature. 3(2), 112-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.2p.112
41. Muhaimin, M., Habibi, A., Mukminin, A., Saudagar, F., Pratama, R., Wahyuni, S. et al. (2019). A sequential explanatory investigation of tpack: Indonesian science teachers’ survey and perspective. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 9(3), 269-281. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.662
42. Nazari, Naghmeh & Nafissi, Zohreh & Estaji, Masoomeh. (2020). The Impact of an Online Professional Development Course on EFL Teachers' TPACK. 4. 59-86. 10.22051/lghor.2020.29892.1248.
43. Naghmeh Nazari, Zohreh Nafissi, Masoomeh Estaji & S. Susan Marandi | (2019) Evaluating novice and experienced EFL teachers’ perceived TPACK for their professional development, Cogent Education, 6:1, 1632010, DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2019.1632010
44. Nugroho, B. S., Tannady, H., Fuadi, T. M., Aina, M., & Anggreni, M. A. (2023). Role of Work Experience, Work Motivation and Educational Background on Teacher Performance at Vocational School. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kewirausahaan, 11(2), 476-487.
45. OlisamaVO, Odumosu MO, Egho EO. The use of internet for teaching effectiveness in mathematics: Benefits and challenges. A Journal of Educational Research and Development (JERD). 2011;6(1):243-248.
46. Ozden M. The effect of content knowledge on pedagogical content knowledge: The case of teaching phases of matters. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice. 2008;8(2):633- 645
47. Ramos, R. A., Babasa, E. E., Vergara, I. B., Manalo, B. I., Gappi, L. L., & Morfi, T. G. (2020). The TPACK Confidence of Pre-service Teachers in Selected Philippine Teacher Education Institutions. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 5 (37), 196-205.
48. Santos, J., Castro R., (2021) Technological Pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in action: Application of learning in the classroom by pre-service teachers (PST). Social Sciences and Humanities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100110
49. Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., Howard, S. K., & Tondeur, J. (2023). The more experienced, the better prepared? New evidence on the relation between teachers’ experience and their readiness for online teaching and learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 139, 107530.
50. Shafie, H, Majid, F.A, & Isnail, I. S. (2022) Developing a 21st Century Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Instrument: Content Validity and Reliability. International Journal of Education, 14(3), 100-115. doi:10.5296/ije.v14i3.19980
51. Shing, C. L, Mohd, R., & Loke, S. H. (2015) The Knowledge of Teaching – Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Science 3(3), 40-55
52. Shoukat, S., Mamoon, R., & Arif, M. F. (2024). Enhancing Language Proficiency Through TPACK Model and AI Applications A Study on Effective Integration Strategies in English Language Instruction. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 8(2), 540-554.
53. Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the New Reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–22.
54. So, H.-J. & Kim, B. (2006). Conflicts in pedagogical and technical knowledge: Pre-service teachers’ understanding and misconception of integrating technology into PBL lessons. International Conference for the Learning Sciences 2006. http://www.lsl.nie.edu.sg/events/ICLS2006_Proceeding_DrSo.pdf
55. Tai, H-C, Pan, M-Y, & Lee, B-O. (2015) Applying Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) model to develop an online English writing course for nursing students. 35(6), 782-788 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.02.016
56. Uçar, S. (2023). A meta-synthesis study: An investigation of studies on EFL teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) competencies in Turkey Journal of Computer and Education Research, 11 (22), 1003-1021. https://doi.org/10.18009/jcer.1355595
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Authors
[1]
“Teachers’ Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge and Students’ Performance in The ESL Classroom”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 8, no. 06, pp. 4091–4023, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.18535/sshj.v8i06.1168.
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