Self-Injured: How They View Support and Hope?
Abstract
Self-injured behavior is more profound, particularly in patients transitioning from adolescence to adulthood. The research method was conducted using a qualitative design approach and a case study type. Subject selection followed expected characteristics, namely participants aged 18-25 years and female, with a history of more than 30 self-injured incidents. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews and recordings. The data analysis techniques used include: 1) data reduction, 2) data presentation, and 3) data verification. The study results show that individuals who engage in NSSI (Non-Suicidal Self-Injury) and their social environment influence each other. Social support obtained from their environment can serve as a barrier and a diversion in resolving issues, thus preventing NSSI behavior. Conversely, if an individual has engaged in NSSI, social support may decrease as they withdraw and become less confident. This affects the future orientation of NSSI perpetrators. Additionally, they experience a crisis of hope, characterized by confusion about hopes and expectations. Nevertheless, they still desire to stop harming themselves.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.029.
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23. Plener, P. L., Schumacher, T. S., Munz, L. M., & Groschwitz, R. C. (2015). The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature. Borderline Personal. Disord. Emot. Regul. 2:2.
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24. Putra, A. A. (2021). Survei: Kesepian dan Self Harm Marak di Masyarakat Indonesia. Idntimes.Com. https://www.idntimes.com/health/fitness/alfonsus-adi-putra-2/survei-kesepian-dan-self-harm-marak-di-indonesia?page=all.
25. Victor, S. E., Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E.D. (2012). Is Non-Suicidal Self-Injury an “Addiction”? a Comparison of Craving In Substance Use And Non-Suicidal Self-Injury. Psychiatry Research. 197, 73–77. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.011.
26. Witt, K., Milner, A., Spittal, M. J., Hetrick, S., Robinson, J., Pirkis, J., et al. (2018). Population attributable risk of factors associated with the repetition of self-harm behaviour in young people presenting to clinical services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 28, 5–18. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1111-6.
2. Brewer, J., Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., Hunter, A., & Huberman, P. M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
3. Brown, TB, & Kimball, T. (2013). Cutting to live: a phenomenology of self-harm. J. Marital. Fam. Ther. 39, 195–208.
doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00270.x.
4. Calvete, E., Royela-Colomer, E., & Maruottolo, C. (2022). Emotion dysregulation and mindfulness in non-suicidal self-injury. Psychiatry Research. 314 (April 2021), 114691.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114691.
5. Cloud, DH, Williams, B., Haardöerfer, R., Hosbey, JT, & Cooper, HLF (2023). Self-injury and the embodiment of solitary confinement among adult men in Louisiana prisons. SSM - Population Health. 22 (January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101354
6. Duncan-Plummer, T., Hasking, P., Tonta, K., & Boyes, M. (2023). Cognitive-emotional networks in students with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Affective Disorders. 329 (November 2022), 394–403.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.054.
7. Dryfoos, JG (1991). Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
8. Foulkes, L., Blakemore, S. J. (2018). Studying individual diferences in human adolescent brain development. Nat. Neurosci. 21(3), 315–323.
9. Germain, SAS, Hooley, JM (2012). Direct and indirect forms of non-suicidal self-injury: evidence for a distinction. Psychiatry Research. 197, 78–84.
10. Hennink, M., Hutter, I., Bailey, A. (2020). Qualitative Research Methods. SAGE Publications Limited, Thousand Oaks.
11. Hetrick, S. E., Subasinghe, A., Anglin, K., Hart, L., Morgan, A., Robinson, J. (2020). Understanding the Needs of Young People Who Engage in Self-Harm: A Qualitative Investigation. Frontiers in Psychology. Volume 10.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02916.
12. Hooley, JM, Fox, KR, Boccagno, C. (2020). Nonsuicidal self-injury: diagnostic challenges and current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Disease and Treatment. 16, 101-102.
13. Hyett, N., Kenny, A., Swift, VD (2014). Methodology or method? A critical review of qualitative casestudy reports. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. 9:23606.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v9.23606.
14. Kostic, J., Žikić, HAI., Stankovic, M., Nikolic, G. (2019). Nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents in south-eastern Serbia. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 6(4), 131–134.
15. Kruzan, K.P dan Whitlock, J. (2019). Processes of change and nonsuicidal self-injury: a qualitative interview study with individuals at various stages of change. Glob Qual Nurs Res. Jilid 6: 1–15.
16. Mancinelli, E., Ruocco, E., Napolitano, S., & Salcuni, S. (2022). A network analysis on self-harming and problematic smartphone use – The role of self-control, internalizing and externalizing problems in a sample of self-harming adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 112 (October 2021), 152285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152285.
17. McClelland, H., Evans, JJ, & O'Connor, RC (2023). The association of family, social and romantic loneliness in relation to suicidal ideation and self-injurious behaviours. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 158 (December 2022), 330–340.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.022.
18. Medan. (2021). Kasus Remaja Putri Lukai Diri Sendiri Mendominasi Tahun 2020. Waspada.Id. https://waspada.id/medan/kasus-remaja-putri-lukai-diri-sendiri-mendominasi-2020/.
19. Mendez, I., Sintes, A., Pascual, JC, Puntí, J., Lara, A., Briones-Buixassa, L., Nicolaou, S., Schmidt, C., Romero, S., Fernández, M., Carmona i Farrés, C., Soler, J., Santamarina- Perez, P., & Vega, D. (2022). Borderline personality traits mediate the relationship between low perceived social support and non-suicidal self-injury in a clinical sample of adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 302, 204–213.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.065.
20. Mürner-Lavanchy, I., Koenig, J., Lerch, S., Van Der Venne, P., Hoper, S., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2022). Neurocognitive functioning in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Affective Disorders. 311 (May), 55–62.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.029.
21. Owen, C., Hansford, L., Sharkey, S., & Ford, T. (2016). Needs and fears of young people presenting at accident and emergency department following an act of self-harm: Secondary analysis of qualitative data. British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 286e291.
22. Perini, P. L., Gustafsson, P. A., Hamilton, J. P., Kampe, R., Mayo, L. M., Heilig, M., & Zetterqvist, M. (2019). Brain-based Classification of Negative Social Bias in Adolescents with Nonsuicidal Self-injury: Findings from Simulated Online Social Interaction. EClinicalMedicine, 13, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.06.016.
23. Plener, P. L., Schumacher, T. S., Munz, L. M., & Groschwitz, R. C. (2015). The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature. Borderline Personal. Disord. Emot. Regul. 2:2.
doi: 10.1186/s40479-014-0024-3.
24. Putra, A. A. (2021). Survei: Kesepian dan Self Harm Marak di Masyarakat Indonesia. Idntimes.Com. https://www.idntimes.com/health/fitness/alfonsus-adi-putra-2/survei-kesepian-dan-self-harm-marak-di-indonesia?page=all.
25. Victor, S. E., Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E.D. (2012). Is Non-Suicidal Self-Injury an “Addiction”? a Comparison of Craving In Substance Use And Non-Suicidal Self-Injury. Psychiatry Research. 197, 73–77. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.011.
26. Witt, K., Milner, A., Spittal, M. J., Hetrick, S., Robinson, J., Pirkis, J., et al. (2018). Population attributable risk of factors associated with the repetition of self-harm behaviour in young people presenting to clinical services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 28, 5–18. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1111-6.
Authors
[1]
“Self-Injured: How They View Support and Hope?”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 8, no. 09, pp. 4890–4896, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.18535/sshj.v8i09.1303.
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