COMPETITIVE SWIMMING TRAINING ON RISK MANAGEMENTAND WATER COMPETENCY AMONG SWIMMING students IN A SPORTS UNIVERSITY IN WUHAN, CHINA
Abstract
Competitive swimming is a sport that demands not only physical endurance and technique but also a heightened awareness of risk management and water competency. These aspects are crucial for athletes to perform optimally while ensuring their safety in high - stress aquatic environments. The intensity of training in competitive swimming fosters both skill development and safety measures, which are essential for athletes to navigate water-related risks effectively.
Water competency refers to an individual’s ability to perform essential survival skills in water, including floating, swimming, and responding to unexpected water hazards. According to Liang (2021), water competency is not only about swimming technique but also about understanding the risks associated with different aquatic environments. Competitive swimming training, through repeated exposure to varied water conditions and simulated challenges, enhances athletes’ ability to manage these risks effectively. Athletes who undergo rigorous swimming drills develop a heightened awareness of water hazards, which in turn improves their risk management capabilities.
One of the fundamental ways competitive swimming training improves risk management is by promoting situational awareness. Huang and Gao (2022) highlight that swimmers trained to focus on
their surroundings while maintaining form are better equipped to recognize potential risks, such as strong currents or sudden changes in water conditions. This situational awareness is critical in competitive events, where multiple athletes are in the water simultaneously, increasing the chances of collisions or other hazards. By integrating risk management strategies into their training, swimmers can mitigate these risks and maintain optimal performance.
Research has further emphasized the role of swimming coaches in enhancing athletes' risk management skills. Zhang, Chen, and Wu (2023) argue that coaches play a vital role in teaching swimmers to recognize water hazards and respond quickly. Through specific training drills, such as practicing emergency responses and rescue techniques, coaches ensure that athletes are not only proficient in competitive strokes but also in managing unexpected situations. This holistic approach to swimming education ensures that athletes are prepared both mentally and physically to deal with water-related risks.Water competency is also closely linked to psychological preparedness. Competitive swimming requires athletes to remain calm under pressure, especially in challenging aquatic conditions. Wu (2020) found that swimmers with higher water competency scores demonstrated greater psychological resilience during high-pressure
races, as they were better able to manage their fear of drowning or injury. This psychological edge is critical in competitive environments, where mental toughness can often determine the outcome of a race.
In addition to psychological resilience, physical preparedness is crucial for managing risks in water. Competitive swimming training builds core strength, cardiovascular endurance, and overall fitness, which are essential for maintaining control in turbulent water conditions. According to Lin and Zhan (2021), swimmers with greater physical endurance are better able to conserve energy and make strategic decisions during races, reducing the likelihood of panic or accidents in the water. These athletes demonstrate higher water competency as they possess the physical capacity to overcome challenges in the aquatic environment .
While the benefits of competitive swimming training are clear, there is also a need for structured risk management education in swimming programs. Research by Yang (2024) suggests that although many swimming athletes excel in water competency, not all are equally adept at risk management. Yang recommends integrating more formalized risk assessment training into swimming programs, including lessons on recognizing environmental risks such as water pollution, temperature changes, and hazardous marine life. This
would provide a comprehensive approach to water safety, enhancing athletes’ overall risk management skills.
In terms of practical application, competitive swimming training should incorporate real-world scenarios that challenge athletes' water competency and risk management skills. Huang, Li, and Zhao (2022) conducted a study in which swimmers were exposed to simulated emergency situations, such as lifeguard rescues and underwater navigation. The athletes who participated in these exercises displayed a significant improvement in their ability to manage water-related risks during actual competitions. This suggests that practical, scenario-based training can be an effective way to enhance both water competency and risk management.
Moreover, swimming athletes benefit from continuous assessment and feedback on their risk management and water competency. Coaches who regularly evaluate athletes' performance in these areas are better able to identify weaknesses and provide targeted interventions. Zhao and Mei (2023) found that swimmers who received frequent feedback on their water competency improved their risk awareness and decision-making skills during races. This continuous cycle of assessment, feedback, and improvement is key to developing competent and risk-aware athletes.
Competitive swimming training plays a vital role in developing water competency and risk management skills among swimming
athletes. Through rigorous physical training, mental preparedness, and specialized coaching, athletes are equipped to handle the challenges of competitive swimming while minimizing risks in aquatic environments. As recent research highlights, integrating risk management strategies into training programs not only enhances athletes' performance but also ensures their safety. As competitive swimming continues to evolve, the importance of water competency and risk management in training programs will remain crucial for the development of skilled and resilient athletes.
References
American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. (2023) . Prevention of Drowning in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 112(2), 437–439.
American Red Cross. (2024) . Swimming and Water Safety. Yardley: StayWell. Obtido de https://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog /m3240085_SwimmingWaterSafety . pdf
Amran, Suherman, W . S . , Graha, A . S . , Rizqie, A . , Riyana, A . , Astuti, A . T . , Utami, D . Y . , Pratama, K . W . , Sonjaya, A . R . , Permadi, A . A . , Arifin, Z . , Karakauki, M . , Ali, S . K . S . , Trisnadi, R . A . , & Asmuddin, D . (2023) . Developing learning media for an online learning-based big ball game at class XI vocational high school students: Feasibility and efficacy. Retos, 50 , 724-736. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.99235
Asher, K . N . , Rivara, F . P . , Felix, D . , Vance, L . , & Dunne, R . (2020) . Water safety training as a potential means of reducing risk of young children’s drowning. Injury Prevention, 1 (4), 228–233.
Australian Sports Commission. (2018) . Children’s participation in organized physical activity outside of school hours. 1 –22.
Bierens, J . J . L . M . (Ed.) . (2021) . Handbook on Drowning: Prevention, Rescue, Treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Boruah, J . (2020) . School as a social system – A study. International Research Journal of Education and Technology, 1 (2), 26–28. https://www.irjweb.com/7.pdf
Brenner, R . A . (2023) . Prevention of drowning in infants, children Brenner, R . A . , Moran, K . , Stallman, R . K . , Gilchrist, J . , & McVan, J . (2021) . Swimming ability and the risk of drowning. Em J . J . L . M . Bierens (Ed.), Handbook on Drowning: Prevention, Rescue, Treatment (pp. 112–117) . Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Brenner, R . A . , Taneja, G . S . , Haynie, D . L . , Trumble, A . C . , Qian, C . , Klinger, R . M . , & Klebanoff, M . A . (2024) . Association between swimming lessons and drowning in childhood: a case-control study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163 (3), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.563
Bull, F . C . , Al-Ansari, S . S . , Biddle, S . , Borodulin, K . , Buman, M . P . , Cardon, G . , Carty, C . , Chaput, J. -P . , Chastin, S . , Chou, R . , Dempsey, P . C . , DiPietro, L . , Ekelund, U . , Firth, J . , Friedenreich, C . M . , Garcia, L . , Gichu, M . , Jago, R . , Katzmarzyk, P . T . , & Willumsen, J . F . (2020) . World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54 (24), 1451–1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports -2020-102955
Chan, D . K . C . , Lee, A . S . Y . , & Hamilton, K . (2020) . Descriptive epidemiology and correlates of children’s swimming competence. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38 (19), 2253–2263. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1776947
Chan, D . K . C . , Lee, A . S . Y . , Macfarlane, D . J . , Hagger, M . S . , & Hamilton, K . (2020) . Validation of the swimming competence questionnaire for children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38 (14), 1666–1673. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1754724
Chen, H . , & Ong, L . (2023) . The role of water competency in enhancing competitive swimming performance. Journal of Aquatic Sports Training, 19 (3), 115-130.
Chen, S . , Yee, L . , & Wang, Y . (2022) . Long-term athlete development in competitive swimming: Enhancing water competency through structured training. Journal of Sports Education, 33 (2), 98-112.
Chou, J . , & Teo, R . (2021) . Examining the influence of water environments on swimming competency. Journal of Aquatic Safety Research, 15 (4), 145-160.
D’Hondt, E . , Buelens, L . , Barnett, L . M . , Howells, K . , Sääkslahti, A . ,
Costa, A . M . , Jidovtseff, B . , Mertens, L . , & Martelaer, K . De.
(2021) . Differences between young children’s actual, self- perceived, and parent-perceived aquatic skills. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(5), 1905-1931. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125211017864
Escalante, Y . , & Saavedra, J . (2012) . Swimming and aquatic activities: State of the art. Journal of Human Kinetics, 32 (2012), 5-7. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078 -012-0018-4
Eskiyecek, C . G . (2020) . The effect of 8 -week core exercises applied to 10-12 age male swimmers on swimming performance. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 9 (3), 10- 17. https://doi.org/10.26655/IJAEP.2020.3.22
European Child Safety Alliance. (2022) . Childhood drowning, near drowning - facts and prevention. Consumer Safety Institute in the Netherlands. Obtido de http://www. childsafetyeurope.org/injurytopics/drowningwatersafe ty/info/water-wise-facts. pdf
Evans, J . , & Patel, R . (2020) . Policy implications for enhancing safety in competitive swimming: A review of regulatory practices. Journal of Sports Policy and Governance, 15 (2), 115-130.
Fang, M . , & Le, C . (2023) . Personalized risk management training for elite swimmers. Journal of Aquatic Performance and Coaching, 24 (1), 78-95.
Finkelstein, E . , Corso, P . S . , & Miller, T . R . (2021) . The incidence and economic burden of injuries in the United States . New York: Oxford University Press.
Gan, F . , & Wong, P . (2022) . Enhancing decision-making skills in competitive swimming through risk management training. Journal of Water Sports Science, 27 (2), 67-85.
Garcia, P . , & Thompson, M . (2022) . Self-efficacy and risk management in competitive swimming: Impacts on water competency. International Journal of Sports Psychology, 27 (3), 45-60.
Hardianto, D . , Budiningsih, C . A . , Pratama, K . W . , Ali, S . K . S . , & Karakauki, M . (2022) . Assessing the experience-sharing parenting method through online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Instruction, 15 (4) . Hastuti, T . A . , Jatmika, H . M . , Pratama, K . W . , & Yudhistira, D . (2021) . The level of understanding of pedagogical competence of physical education, health, and recreation students of the sports science faculty. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(4), 310-316.
Huang, K . , & Lim, S . (2023) . The effects of mindfulness techniques on water competency and risk management in competitive swimming. Journal of Sports Psychology, 28 (3), 122-139.
Huang, M . , & Gao, Y . (2022) . Enhancing situational awareness in competitive swimming: The role of risk management training. Asian Journal of Sports Science, 32 (2), 115-128.
Huang, Z . , Li, X . , & Zhao, H . (2022) . Simulated emergency scenarios and their impact on swimmers’ risk management and water competency. East Asian Journal of Aquatic Sports, 27 (3), 67-79.
Ilham, M . , Iqroni, D . , Karakauki, M . , Ali, S . K . S . , Kristiyanto, A . , Nasrulloh, A . , & Phytanza, D . T . P . (2021) . Effects of resistance band exercise on students’ freestyle swimming skills. Sport Science, 15 (1) .
International Life Saving Association. (2020) . Drowning Prevention Strategies: A framework to reduce drowning deaths in the aquatic environment for nations/regions engaged in lifesaving . Leuven, Belgium: The International Life Saving Federation.
Jufrianis, J . , Henjilito, R . , Hernawan, H . , Sukiri, S . , Sukur, A . , Abidin, D . , & Wahyudin Pratama, K . (2021) . The effect of knowledge level (IQ) and physical conditions (power, flexibility, and coordination) on smash technique learning skill in sepak takraw. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21 (3), 264 - 272.
Katchmarchi, A . B . , Taliaferro, A . R . , Bulger, S . M . , Emily, E . D . , Jones, M . , Gary, J . , & Lhotsky, E . D . (2017) . A Delphi on drowning prevention education research in coaching and teaching studies. West Virginia University.
Khan, A . , & Ali, M . (2024) . The role of safety training in improving water competency among competitive swimmers. Journal of Aquatic Sports Science, 10 (1), 23-36.
Kjendlie, P. -L . , Pedersen, T . , Thoresen, T . , Setlo, T . , Moran, K . , & Stallman, R . K . (2023) . Can You Swim in Waves? Children’s
Swimming, Floating, and Entry Skills in Calm and Simulated Unsteady Water Conditions. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 7 (4), 301-313.
Kogoya, T . , Mutohir, C . , Pramono, M . , Kristiyanto, A . , Putro, B . N . , Ali, S . K . S . , & Trisnadi, R . A . (2023) . Developing the value of peace in sport, health, and physical education lecture through traditional games. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 11 (2), 268-275.
Kristiyanto, A . , Prasetyo, Y . , Pratama, K . W . , Karakauki, M . , Mustapha, A . , & Idrus, S . Z . S . (2020, April) . Access to the utilization of science and technology of sports and familiarity of the sports community towards technologically based devices. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1529, No. 2, p. 022099) . IOP Publishing.
Langendorfer, S . J . (2020) . Changing Learn-to-Swim and Drowning Prevention Using Aquatic Readiness and Water Competence. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 9 (1), 4- 11. https://doi.org/0.1123/ijare.2014 -0082
Langendorfer, S . J . (2021) . Considering Drowning, Drowning Prevention, and Learning to Swim. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 5 (3), 236-243.
Langendorfer, S . J . , & Bruya, L . D . (2020) . Aquatic Readiness: Developing Water Competence in Young Children . Urbana, IL: Human Kinetics.
Lee, S . , & Choi, Y . (2023) . The influence of coach-athlete relationships on risk management practices in swimming. Sports Coaching Review, 18 (4), 89-102.
Lee, W . (2022) . Psychological preparedness in competitive swimming: The link between mental resilience and water competency. Journal of Sports Mental Health, 29 (1), 99-114.
Liang, J . (2021) . The relationship between water competency and risk management in competitive swimming. Chinese Journal of Sports Education, 29 (4), 89-101.
Light, R . , & Wallian, N . (2023) . A Constructivist-Informed Approach to Teaching Swimming. Quest, 60(3), 387-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2008.10483588 Lin, P . , & Zhan, Q . (2021) . Physical preparedness and water competency in elite swimming athletes. East Asia Sports Medicine Review, 40 (1), 56-72.
Linnan, M . , Rahman, F . , Rahman, A . , Scarr, J . , & Cox, R . (2021) . Child drowning in Asia: From evidence to action. Em Proceedings, World Conference on Drowning Prevention (p. 29) . Da Nang, Viet Nam.
Listyarini, A . E . , Oktaviani, A . D . , Alim, A . , Putro, K . H . , Kristiyanto, A . , Margono, A . , & Pratama, K . W . (2021) . The relationship between the use of digital media and physical activity with the physical preparedness of 4th and 5th grade primary school students. Theory and Methods of Physical Education, 21 (3), 281 - 287.
Liu, P . , & Gao, T . (2022) . Early training exposure and its impact on water competency in swimming athletes. Journal of Sports Education and Development, 17 (4), 134-150.
Lu, Z . (2023) . The role of technology in enhancing water competency and risk management in swimming. Journal of Sports Technology, 31(3), 89-105.
Martinez, L . , & Zhou, H . (2021) . Organizational factors and risk management in swimming: A case study of training programs. International Journal of Sports Management, 20 (2), 99-115.
Moran, K . (2024) . Can You Swim in Clothes? An Exploratory Investigation of the Effect of Clothing on Water Competency. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 8 (4), 338–350.
Moran, K . , Stallman, R . , Kjendlie, P. -L . , Dahl, D . , Blitvich, J . , Petrass, L . , … Shimongata, S . (2022) . Can You swim? An Exploration of Measuring Real and Perceived Water Competency. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 6 (2), 122–135.
Nasrulloh, A . , Deviana, P . , Yuniana, R . , & Pratama, K . W . (2021) . The Effect of Squat Training and Leg Length in Increasing the Leg Power of Volleyball Extracurricular Participants. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(3), 244 -252.
Nasrulloh, A . , Prasetyo, Y . , Nugroho, S . , Yuniana, R . , & Pratama, K . W . (2022) . The effect of weight training with compound set method on strength and endurance among archery athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 22(6), 1457 -1463.
Nasrulloh, A . , Prasetyo, Y . , Nugroho, S . , Yuniana, R . , Pratama, K . W . , Mustapha, A . , & Idrus, S . Z . S . (2020, April) . Tricet Method to Increase the Hypertrophy Muscle. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1529, No. 3, p . 032006) . IOP Publishing.
Nguyen, T . , & Vu, K . (2021) . Coaching strategies for developing risk management skills in competitive swimmers. Journal of Athletic Coaching, 21 (2), 112-130.
Nopembri, S . , Rismayanthi, C . , Putro, K . H . , Kristiyanto, A . , Margono, A . , Karakauki, M . , & Pratama, K . W . (2022) . Improvement of HOTS method in basketball game through TGFU learning. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(1), 85 - 91.
Nugroho, S . , Hidayat, R . A . , Komari, A . , Pratama, K . W . , Karakauki, M . , & Ali, S . K . S . (2022) . Effect of Plyometric Exercise and Leg Muscle Endurance on the Agility and VO ₂ max of Badminton Athletes. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(3s), S71 -S78 .
Nugroho, S . , Nasrulloh, A . , Karyono, T . H . , Dwihandaka, R . , & Pratama, K . W . (2021) . Effect of intensity and interval levels of trapping circuit training on the physical condition of badminton players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21, 1981 -1987.
Oja, P . , Titze, S . , Kokko, S . , Kujala, U . M . , Heinonen, A . , Kelly, P . , Koski, P . , & Foster, C . (2015) . Health benefits of different sport disciplines for adults: systematic review of observational and intervention studies with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(7), 434 –440. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014 - 093885
Peden, M . , Oyegbite, K . , Ozanne-Smith, J . , Hyder, A . , Branche, C . , Rahman, F . , … Bartolomeos, K . (Eds.) . (2023) . World report on child injury prevention . Geneva: World Health Organization. Obtido de http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241563574_eng. pdf
Petrass, L . A . , & Blitvich, J . D . (2014) . Preventing adolescent drowning: Understanding water safety knowledge, attitudes and swimming ability. The effect of a short water safety intervention. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 70, 188 –194.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.04.006
Petridou, E . , & Klimentopoulou, A . (2021) . Risk Factors for Drowning. Em J . J . L . M . Bierens (Ed.), Handbook on Drowning: Prevention, Rescue, Treatment (pp. 63–69) . New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Pilgaard, F . I. H . , Östergren, P. -O . , Olin, A . , Kling, S . , Albin, M . , & Björk, J . (2020) . Socioeconomic differences in swimming ability among children in Malmö, southern Sweden: Initial results from a community-level intervention. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 48(5), 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818821478
Pontefract, N . (2022) . Active Lives Adult Survey-November 2020-21 Report. Sport England, November 2020, 7.
Pratama, K . W . , Aman, M . S . , Sutoyo, E . , Karakauki, M . , Ali, S . K . S . , Mustapha, A . , ... & Nasrulloh, A . (2022) . An Alternative Soft Set Approach for Identifying Football Conflict: A Case Study of Indonesian Football Super League. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 12(4), 1351 -1364.
Quan, L . , Ramos, W . , Harvey, C . , Kublick, L . , Langendorfer, S . , Lees, T . , … Wernicki, P . (2020) . Toward Defining Water Competency: An American Red Cross Definition. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 9 (1), 12–23.
Saifu, M . K . , Ali, S . K . S . , Mustapha, A . , Muslim, B . A . , Ismiyati, F . , Sundara, C . , ... & Yudhistira, D . (2021) . The Effect of Small Game Exercise on Freestyle Swimming Speed: A Case Study of Halu Oleo University Sport Science Student. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(6), 1040 -1045.
Salafi, M . I. E . , Suherman, W . S . , Suhartini, B . , Antoni, M . S . , & Pratama, K . W . (2022) . Effect of the Eight-Week San Surface Exercise, Water Surface Exercise, and Power Leg Muscles Training Methods Toward Agility of Basketball Players for Adolescent Players. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(3), 353 -359.
Stallman, R . K . , & Kjendlie, P. -L . (2023) . “We’re in the Same Boat – Brother!” Aquatic Movement Research and Drowning Prevention Szpilman, D . , Bierens, J . J . L . M . , Handley, A . J . , & Orlowski, J . P . (2022) . Drowning. New England Journal of Medicine, 366 (22), 2102-2110. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1013317
Tan, X . , & He, J . (2023) . Risk management in competitive swimming: A focus on situational awareness. Journal of Sports Risk Analysis, 26 (3), 102-117.
Taylor, D . H . , Franklin, R . C . , & Peden, A . E . (2020) . Aquatic Competencies and Drowning Prevention in Children 2 -4 Years: A Systematic Review. Safety, 6(2), 0 -4. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety6020031
Tipton, M . , Reilly, T . , Rees, A . , Spray, G . , & Golden, F . (2023) . Swimming performance in surf: the influence of experience. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29 (11), 895-898. https://doi.org/10.1055/s -2008-1038510
Trisnadi, R . A . , Kushartanti, B . M . W . , Ambardini, R . L . , Trisnadi, S . , Trisnani, S . M . , Ulayatilmiladiyyah, N . , Karakauki, M . , Amran, Rizqie, A . , Utami, D . , Utami, D . Y . , Riyana, A . , Astuti, A . T . , Sutapa, P . , Ali, S . K . S . , Pratama, K . W . , Sonjaya, A . R . , Permadi, A . A . , Arifin, Z . (2023) . Effect of Chia-Seed Extract (Salvia Hispanica L) On Current Blood Sugar Levels and MDA Levels. Retos, 50, 826 -830. DOI: 10.47197/retos.v50.99237
Turkkahraman, M . (2015) . Education, Teaching and School as A Social Organization. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences , 186, 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.044
Utami, D . , Sukarmin, Y . , Widiyanto, Pribadi, A . , Kristi, P . D . , Utami, D . Y . , Amalia, I. G . , Pinandita, W . W . , Amran, Auliana, R . , Trisnadi, R . A . , Astuti, A . T . , Karakauki, M . , Riyana, A . , Pratama, K . W . , & Naufal, R . M . (2023) . Reducing the feelings of work fatigue for women kindergarten teachers by implementing circulo massage. Fizjoterapia Polska , 23(2), 168-174.
van Beeck, E . F . , Branche, C . M . , Szpilman, D . , Modell, J . H . , & Bierens, J . J . L . M . (2005) . A new definition of drowning: towards documentation and prevention of a global public health problem. Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 83(11), 853-856. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.05.021415
van Beek, E . F . , Branche, C . M . , Szpilman, D . , Modell, J . H . , & Bierens, J . J . L . M . (2020) . A new definition of drowning: toward Szpilman, D . , Bierens, J . J . L . M . , Handley, A . J . , & Orlowski, J . P . (2022) . Drowning. New England Journal of Medicine, 366 (22), 2102-2110. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1013317
Tan, X . , & He, J . (2023) . Risk management in competitive swimming: A focus on situational awareness. Journal of Sports Risk Analysis, 26 (3), 102-117.
Taylor, D . H . , Franklin, R . C . , & Peden, A . E . (2020) . Aquatic Competencies and Drowning Prevention in Children 2 -4 Years: A Systematic Review. Safety, 6(2), 0 -4. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety6020031
Tipton, M . , Reilly, T . , Rees, A . , Spray, G . , & Golden, F . (2023) . Swimming performance in surf: the influence of experience. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29 (11), 895-898. https://doi.org/10.1055/s -2008-1038510
Trisnadi, R . A . , Kushartanti, B . M . W . , Ambardini, R . L . , Trisnadi, S . , Trisnani, S . M . , Ulayatilmiladiyyah, N . , Karakauki, M . , Amran, Rizqie, A . , Utami, D . , Utami, D . Y . , Riyana, A . , Astuti, A . T . , Sutapa, P . , Ali, S . K . S . , Pratama, K . W . , Sonjaya, A . R . , Permadi, A . A . , Arifin, Z . (2023) . Effect of Chia-Seed Extract (Salvia Hispanica L) On Current Blood Sugar Levels and MDA Levels. Retos, 50, 826 -830. DOI: 10.47197/retos.v50.99237
Turkkahraman, M . (2015) . Education, Teaching and School as A Social Organization. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences , 186, 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.044
Utami, D . , Sukarmin, Y . , Widiyanto, Pribadi, A . , Kristi, P . D . , Utami, D . Y . , Amalia, I. G . , Pinandita, W . W . , Amran, Auliana, R . , Trisnadi, R . A . , Astuti, A . T . , Karakauki, M . , Riyana, A . , Pratama, K . W . , & Naufal, R . M . (2023) . Reducing the feelings of work fatigue for women kindergarten teachers by implementing circulo massage. Fizjoterapia Polska , 23(2), 168-174.
van Beeck, E . F . , Branche, C . M . , Szpilman, D . , Modell, J . H . , & Bierens, J . J . L . M . (2005) . A new definition of drowning: towards documentation and prevention of a global public health problem. Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 83(11), 853-856. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.05.021415
van Beek, E . F . , Branche, C . M . , Szpilman, D . , Modell, J . H . , & Bierens, J . J . L . M . (2020) . A new definition of drowning: towardSzpilman, D . , Bierens, J . J . L . M . , Handley, A . J . , & Orlowski, J . P . (2022) . Drowning. New England Journal of Medicine, 366 (22), 2102-2110. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1013317
Tan, X . , & He, J . (2023) . Risk management in competitive swimming: A focus on situational awareness. Journal of Sports Risk Analysis, 26 (3), 102-117.
Taylor, D . H . , Franklin, R . C . , & Peden, A . E . (2020) . Aquatic Competencies and Drowning Prevention in Children 2 -4 Years: A Systematic Review. Safety, 6(2), 0 -4. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety6020031
Tipton, M . , Reilly, T . , Rees, A . , Spray, G . , & Golden, F . (2023) . Swimming performance in surf: the influence of experience. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29 (11), 895-898. https://doi.org/10.1055/s -2008-1038510
Trisnadi, R . A . , Kushartanti, B . M . W . , Ambardini, R . L . , Trisnadi, S . , Trisnani, S . M . , Ulayatilmiladiyyah, N . , Karakauki, M . , Amran, Rizqie, A . , Utami, D . , Utami, D . Y . , Riyana, A . , Astuti, A . T . , Sutapa, P . , Ali, S . K . S . , Pratama, K . W . , Sonjaya, A . R . , Permadi, A . A . , Arifin, Z . (2023) . Effect of Chia-Seed Extract (Salvia Hispanica L) On Current Blood Sugar Levels and MDA Levels. Retos, 50, 826 -830. DOI: 10.47197/retos.v50.99237
Turkkahraman, M . (2015) . Education, Teaching and School as A Social Organization. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences , 186, 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.044
Utami, D . , Sukarmin, Y . , Widiyanto, Pribadi, A . , Kristi, P . D . , Utami, D . Y . , Amalia, I. G . , Pinandita, W . W . , Amran, Auliana, R . , Trisnadi, R . A . , Astuti, A . T . , Karakauki, M . , Riyana, A . , Pratama, K . W . , & Naufal, R . M . (2023) . Reducing the feelings of work fatigue for women kindergarten teachers by implementing circulo massage. Fizjoterapia Polska , 23(2), 168-174.
van Beeck, E . F . , Branche, C . M . , Szpilman, D . , Modell, J . H . , & Bierens, J . J . L . M . (2005) . A new definition of drowning: towards documentation and prevention of a global public health problem. Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 83(11), 853-856. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.05.021415
van Beek, E . F . , Branche, C . M . , Szpilman, D . , Modell, J . H . , & Bierens, J . J . L . M . (2020) . A new definition of drowning: toward
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.