Urban Resilience: Navigating Challenges and Opportunities in Indonesia
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the notion of urban resilience, multidisciplinary frameworks, and efforts to promote adaptive and sustainable urban systems. Urban resilience has emerged as an important framework to address the vulnerabilities and challenges encountered by rapidly growing urban centers in the context of environmental, social, and economic issues. The method used is a qualitative method with a literature review approach. The work steps taken in the approach are: identifying research gaps, data search and selection, data scanning and sorting, critical analysis and synthesis, and finally interpretation and conclusion drawing. The analysis shows that Jakarta City, as one of the largest metropolitan cities in the world, faces complex challenges that include environmental, social, and economic issues. Key challenges include the unreliability of the electricity system, unintegrated public transportation, increasing air pollution, flooding due to land subsidence and climate change, as well as the adverse impacts of rapid urbanization such as reduced green spaces. Through theoretical analysis and a case study of Jakarta City, the conclusions of this research illustrate important pathways for the integration of resilience principles into urban governance, planning, and policy-making. The paper concludes with pragmatic recommendations for enhancing urban resilience to develop cities that are not only sustainable but also able to adapt to future uncertainties.
Keywords: urban resilience, urban issues, planning, sustainable development.
References
1. Agustine, V., Putra, D. D., & Rilansari, V. (2022). Blue-Green Infrastructure for Jakarta’s Sustainable Planning and Resilience. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1211(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1211/1/012018
2. Akbar, D. D. (2023). Pollution and Stunting (Case Study at DKI Jakarta). INTERACTION: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa, 10(2), 764–776. https://doi.org/10.36232/Jurnalpendidikanbahasa.V10I2.4899
3. Alfariza, L., Putra, R. E., & Rosmiati, M. (2023). Analisis Kontribusi Urban Farming Dalam Mendukung Pencapaian Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) Pada Pilar Ekonomi Dan Sosial. Mimbar Agribisnis : Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis, 9(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.25157/MA.V9I1.8134
4. Appleby-Arnold, S., Brockdorff, N., & Callus, C. (2021). Developing a “culture of disaster preparedness”: The citizens’ view. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2021.102133
5. A’Rachman, F. R., Setiawan, C., Warnadi, Insani, N., & Hijrawadi, S. N. (2022). Spatial Analysis of Public Transportation Accessibility for Pedestrian in Central Jakarta. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1039(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1039/1/012044
6. Arifin, H. S., & Nakagoshi, N. (2011). Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 7(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11355-010-0145-9
7. Arsyah, T. D., & Pakri, P. (2023). Leveraging Human Capital for Performance Enhancement in Indonesia’s Technology Sector. Journal of Economics and Business Letters, 4(3), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.55942/JEBL.V4I3.323
8. Assayuti, A. A., Ani, N., Pujowati, Y., Abeng, A. T., & Kamal, D. M. (2023). Impact of air Pollution, Population Density, Land Use, and Transportation on Public Health in Jakarta. Jurnal Geosains West Science, 1(02), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.58812/JGWS.V1I02.391
9. Babacan, H., & Gopalkrishnan, N. (2015). Ethnic Minority Groups in Healthcare Governance. The Palgrave International Handbook of Healthcare Policy and Governance, 615–630. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137384935_37
10. Basaria, A. A. A., Ahsan, A., Nadeem, A., Tariq, R., & Raufi, N. (2023). Infectious diseases following hydrometeorological disasters: current scenario, prevention, and control measures. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 85(8), 3778. https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000001056
11. Battistone, M. J., Kemeyou, L., & Varpio, L. (2023). The Theoretical Integrative Review—A Reader’s Guide. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 15(4), 449–452. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-23-00265.1
12. Bennett, W. G., Karunarathna, H., Xuan, Y., Kusuma, M. S. B., Farid, M., Kuntoro, A. A., Rahayu, H. P., Kombaitan, B., Septiadi, D., Kesuma, T. N. A., Haigh, R., & Amaratunga, D. (2023). Modelling compound flooding: a case study from Jakarta, Indonesia. Natural Hazards, 118(1), 277–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11069-023-06001-1
13. Buntoro Darmasetiawan, J., Rapina, R., O.Fuentess, R., & Rajagukguk, R. O. (2022). The Description Of Readiness Of Organization Culture Of Organizations In Indonesia To Support The Implementation Of Appreciative Inquiry. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, 3(35). https://doi.org/10.31435/RSGLOBAL_IJITSS/30092022/7861
14. Cai, J., Zhao, Z., Zhou, Z., & Wang, Y. (2024). Predicting the carbon emission reduction potential of shared electric bicycle travel. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 129, 104107. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRD.2024.104107
15. Cao, H. (2023). Urban Resilience: Concept, Influencing Factors and Improvement. Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management, 9(1), 343–346. https://doi.org/10.54097/FBEM.V9I1.8777
16. Cheshmehzangi, A., & Aurelia Li, H. M. (2020). Innovation through Urban Diversity and Achieving Comprehensive Sustainable Urbanism from a Community-Oriented Approach. Current Urban Studies, 08(02), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.4236/CUS.2020.82012
17. Chong, S. K., et.al (2020). Economic outcomes predicted by diversity in cities. EPJ Data Science, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1140/EPJDS/S13688-020-00234-X
18. Dammayatri, R., Susantoro, T. M., & Wikantika, K. (2023). Green Open Space and Barren Land Mapping for Flood Mitigation in Jakarta, the Capital of Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 55(2), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.22146/IJG.76452
19. Dang, A. (2023). Social inclusion for sustainability: Insights from the study “Criteria for sustainable urban communities and cities in Vietnam.” 115–133. https://doi.org/10.34074/PROC.2301010
20. Das, M. B., & Majumdar, S. (2019). What Does Social Inclusion Mean for a Resilient City? What Does Social Inclusion Mean for a Resilient City? https://doi.org/10.1596/31693
21. Denton, F., et.a;l (2014). Climate-Resilient Pathways: Adaptation, Mitigation, and Sustainable Development. Climate Change 2014 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, 1101–1131. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415379.025
22. Dethier, J. J. (2017). Trash, cities, and politics: Urban environmental problems in Indonesia. Indonesia, 2017(103), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.5728/INDONESIA.103.0073
23. Duranton, G. (2015). Growing through cities in developing countries. World Bank Research Observer, 30(1), 39–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKU006
24. Eraydin, A., Tasan-Kok, T., & Vranken, J. (2010). Diversity matters: Immigrant entrepreneurship and contribution of different forms of social integration in economic performance of cities. European Planning Studies, 18(4), 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654311003593556
25. Farda, M., & Lubis, H. al-R. (2018). Transportation System Development and Challenge in Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Technology (IJSTT), 1(2), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.31427/IJSTT.2018.1.2.2
26. Fasvazahra, I. A., Adytia, D., & Simaremare, A. A. (2022). Electricity Time Series Forecasting by using Transformer with Case Study in Jakarta Banten. 2022 5th International Conference on Computer and Informatics Engineering, IC2IE 2022, 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2IE56416.2022.9970104
27. Glaeser, E. L., & Xiong, W. (2017). Urban productivity in the developing world. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(3), 373–404. https://doi.org/10.1093/OXREP/GRX034
28. Hameed, A. A. S. (2021). Urban and Regional Planning Strategies to Achieve Sustainable Urban Development: (Subject review). International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, 07(03), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.31695/IJASRE.2021.33980
29. Hanifan, R., & Dhewanto, W. (2022). Reinforcing Business Resilience Through Entrepreneurial Competencies During Pandemic COVID-19: A Case of Indonesian MSMEs. International Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship, Social Science and Humanities, 5(2), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.31098/IJMESH.V5I2.1178
30. Hardi, A. Z., & Murad, A. K. A. (2023). Spatial Analysis of Accessibility for Public Transportation, A Case Study in Jakarta, Bus Rapid Transit System (Transjakarta), Indonesia. Journal of Computer Science, 19(10), 1190–1202. https://doi.org/10.3844/JCSSP.2023.1190.1202
31. Hastomo, A., Anggraheni, E., Prasetyo, A., & Sutjiningsih, D. (2023). Recommendations on Flood Management at Cengkareng Drain Estuary in Enhancing Estuary Resilience to Compound Hazard. CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development, 6(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.7454/jid.v6.i2.1116
32. Hilarius, Y., & Febrianty, D. (n.d.). Imbalanced Development And Social Exclusion of Urban Poor Group in Indonesia: Study of Urban Poor Group at Slum Area in Jakarta. Academia.Edu. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://www.academia.edu/download/32213193/Imbalanced_Development_And_Social_Exclusion_of_Urban_Poor_Group_in_Indonesia.pdf
33. Jayawardena, M. (2005). Electricity for All: Options for Increasing Access in Indonesia. Jakarta and Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/725981468025507664/pdf/513800WP0Elect10Box342026B01PUBLIC1.pdf
34. Kajiita, R. M., & Kang’ethe, S. M. (2024). Socio-Economic Dynamics Inhibiting Inclusive Urban Economic Development: Implications for Sustainable Urban Development in South African Cities. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16072803
35. Kemeny, T. (2012). Cultural diversity, institutions, and urban economic performance. Environment and Planning A, 44(9), 2134–2152. https://doi.org/10.1068/A44385
36. Kohon, J. (2018). Social inclusion in the sustainable neighborhood? Idealism of urban social sustainability theory complicated by realities of community planning practice. City, Culture and Society, 15, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CCS.2018.08.005
37. Lakshmanan, T. R. (2008). The Wider Economic Benefits of Transportation. 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789282101834-4-EN
38. Larbi, M., Kellett, J., & Palazzo, E. (2022). Urban Sustainability Transitions in the Global South: a Case Study of Curitiba and Accra. Urban Forum, 33(2), 223–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12132-021-09438-4/FIGURES/5
39. Lassa, J. A. (2019). Negotiating institutional pathways for sustaining climate change resilience and risk governance in Indonesia. Climate, 7(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/CLI7080095
40. Lazzarini, L., & Pacchi, C. (2023). Towards new geographies of cohesion in a context of growing inequalities: insights from two social innovation projects in Milan metropolitan area. Urban Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2023.2286231
41. Lufti, R. E. G., Resosudarmo, B. P., & Halimatussadiah, A. (2024). Shaped by Waters: The Role of Major Floods in Jakarta’s Urban Form Evolution. Energy Transitions and Climate Change Issues in Asia, 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1773-6_10
42. Maksim, B. (2011). Driving Urban Economic Growth – Evidence from Transition Economies. EERC Working Paper Series. https://ideas.repec.org/p/eer/wpalle/11-10e.html
43. Meerow, S., et.al. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2016, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204615002418
44. Merthayasa, A. (2015). Readiness Criteria: Indonesias’ New Initiative to Ensure Sustainable Development Program. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 776, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/AMM.776.101
45. Muhyiddin, M., Trisnantari, S. A., Amrizal, M. D. R., Fauwziyah, F., Harsiwie, R. I. P., & Ardhana, N. R. (2024). Indonesia Employment in 2023: Labor Force Conditions and Policy Developments in the Early Stages of the Demographic Bonus. Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 19(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.47198/JNAKER.V19I1.339
46. Muliandi Madjid, M., Bangun, E., Juni Risma, H., & Wilopo, W. (2024). Increasing Community Preparedness In Facing Floods Disaster In Jakarta City. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 3(6). https://doi.org/10.55227/IJHESS.V3I6.943
47. Muttaqin, M. Z., Herwangi, Y., Susetyo, C., Sefrus, T., & Subair, M. (2021). Public Transport Performance Based on the Potential Demand and Service Area (Case Study : Jakarta Public Transport). Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.DAENGKU367
48. Nathaniel, S. P. (2021). Ecological footprint, energy use, trade, and urbanization linkage in Indonesia. GeoJournal, 86(5), 2057–2070. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10708-020-10175-7
49. Nisi, V., Bala, P., Cesário, V., James, S., Del Bue, A., & Nunes, N. J. (2023). “Connected to the people”: Social Inclusion & Cohesion in Action through a Cultural Heritage Digital Tool. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 7(CSCW2). https://doi.org/10.1145/3610168
50. Padawangi, R., Turpin, E., Herlily, Prescott, M. F., Lee, I., & Shepherd, A. (2016). Mapping an alternative community river: The case of the Ciliwung. Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2015.09.001
51. Penney, D., Yantha, M., & Swatuk, L. (2022). A Megacity’s Hydrological Risk: An Analysis of Water Security Issues in Jakarta City, Indonesia. International Political Economy Series, 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08108-8_4
52. Praminta, S. M., Wiguna, S., & Pramana, A. (2020). Blackout restoration plan in jakarta power grid. Proceeding - 2nd International Conference on Technology and Policy in Electric Power and Energy, ICT-PEP 2020, 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT-PEP50916.2020.9249797
53. Pujiati, A., et.al. (2023). The detrimental effects of dirty energy, foreign investment, and corruption on environmental quality: New evidence from Indonesia. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENVS.2022.1074172
54. Purwaningtyas, I., Junining, E., & Hartono, D. (2020). Literacy Breakthrough Towards Indonesian Disaster Mitigation. https://doi.org/10.2991/ASSEHR.K.201021.037
55. Raghubanshi, A. S. (2024). Sustainable Urban Planning: A Comparative Study of Green City Initiatives Around the Worldqq. Journal of Sustainable Solutions, 1(3), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.36676/J.SUST.SOL.V1.I3.16
56. Ranindito, I. R., & Ramdhon, A. R. (2022). Respon Terhadap Isu Kelompok Rentan Dalam Upaya Pembangunan Kelurahan. Jurnal Analisa Sosiologi, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.20961/JAS.V11I4.61855
57. Ringwood, L., Watson, P., & Lewin, P. (2019). A quantitative method for measuring regional economic resilience to the great recession. Growth and Change, 50(1), 381–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/GROW.12265
58. Rosatul Umah, & Eva Gusmira. (2024). Dampak Pencemaran Udara terhadap Kesehatan Masyarakat di Perkotaan. Profit: Jurnal Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 3(3), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.58192/PROFIT.V3I3.2246
59. Rushayati, S. B., et.al. (2016). Adaptation Strategy Toward Urban Heat Island at Tropical Urban Area. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENV.2016.03.073
60. Saehu, M. S., et.al. (2023). Realizing the Narrative: Higher Education Strategies as Creative Economy Agents in Indonesia. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(2), 1471–1479. https://doi.org/10.35445/ALISHLAH.V15I2.3079
61. Saifuddin, A. F. (2014). Integrasi Sosial Golongan Miskin di Perkotaan: Kajian Kasus di Jakarta. Antropologi Indonesia, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.7454/AI.V29I3.3549
62. Sari, V. K. (2023). The Role of Education towards Economic Growth: Evidence from Indonesia. JURNAL DINAMIKA EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN, 5(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.14710/JDEP.5.3.221-228
63. Sarjito, A. (2023). Evaluation of Indonesian Government Policies in Addressing Climate Change and Natural Disasters. JISHUM : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 2(1), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.57248/JISHUM.V2I1.283
64. Scozzi, B., Pellegrino, R., de Trizio, A., & Di Lonardo, M. (2024). Investigating Urban Resilience Through a Resource-Based View Framework: Evidence from an Empirical Survey. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 489 LNCE, 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57800-7_33
65. Shamsipour, A., et.al. (2024). Assessing and mapping urban ecological resilience using the loss-gain approach: A case study of Tehran, Iran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 103, 105252. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2024.105252
66. Singh, A. (2024). Urban Resilience and Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Sustainable Solutions, 1(2), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.36676/J.SUST.SOL.V1.I2.12
67. Singh, M., Arora, V., & Kulshreshta, K. (2024). Towards Sustainable Cities. 212–233. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6567-0.CH011
68. Siswanto, S., et.al. (2023). Spatio-temporal characteristics of urban heat Island of Jakarta metropolitan. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 32, 101062. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSASE.2023.101062
69. Siswanto, S., et.al (2016). Temperature, extreme precipitation, and diurnal rainfall changes in the urbanized Jakarta city during the past 130 years. International Journal of Climatology, 36(9), 3207–3225. https://doi.org/10.1002/JOC.4548
70. Sulistiyono, N., Basyuni, M., & Slamet, B. (2018). Land surface temperature distribution and development for green open space in Medan city using imagery-based satellite Landsat 8. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 126(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012128
71. Surya, B., et.al (2021). Land use change, urban agglomeration, and urban sprawl: A sustainable development perspective of makassar city, indonesia. Land, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/LAND10060556
72. Tanadi, A., & Basrowi, R. W. (2023). Health Mitigation Strategies and Challenges in Vulnerable Groups and Natives in Indonesia: A Literature Review. The Indonesian Journal of Community and Occupational Medicine, 3(2), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.53773/IJCOM.V3I2.101.130-40
73. Telaumbanua, E., Harsono, I., & Soegiarto, I. (2024). Urbanisation in Indonesia: The Relationship between Income Inequality, Urban Infrastructure, Access to Education, and Population Growth with Social Cohesion, Environmental Resilience, and Housing Quality to look at Urbanisation in Indonesia. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 5(1), 603–614. https://doi.org/10.56442/IJBLE.V5I1.443
74. Tjiptoherijanto, P. (2016). Urbanisasi Dan Pengembangan Kota Di Indonesia. Populasi, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.22146/JP.12484
75. Turpin, E. (2014). Open Source City project (Jakarta pilot study): innovations for urban resilience from a geosocial intelligence perspective. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Open-Source-City-project-(Jakarta-pilot-study)%3A-for-Turpin/d075907348576ff3ef6a053e335e846f0b83820c
76. Ufaira, R., Amir, S., Indraprahasta, G. S., & Nastiti, A. (2023). Living in a hot city: thermal justice through green open space provision. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 5, 1237515. https://doi.org/10.3389/FHUMD.2023.1237515
77. Wahyudi, A., & Alterkawi, M. M. (2023). The Impacts of Public Transportation Policy on Bus Rapid Transit Operational in the Metropolitan Jakarta. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah Dan Kota, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.14710/PWK.V19I4.45807
78. Widarni, E. L., & Bawono, S. (2023). Investigating The Role Of Education In Stability Of Work Participation In Economic Shocks From The Asian Financial Crisis To The Covid 19 Pandemic In Indonesia. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.26668/BUSINESSREVIEW/2023.V8I1.811
79. Wijayanti, F. (2023). Exploring Local Labor Markets and Knowledge Spillover from a Spatial Perspective. R-Economy, 9(3), 252–268. https://doi.org/10.15826/RECON.2023.9.3.015
80. World Cities Report 2020. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://unhabitat.org/wcr/2020/
81. Xu, X. (2024). Urban Planning from a City Design Perspective: Thoughts on Refined Management. Transactions on Economics, Business and Management Research, 7, 433–438. https://doi.org/10.62051/MS6WVR70
82. Zhou, M., Qiao, Y., & Guo, J. (2024). Research on the mechanism involved in urban social inclusiveness and resident entrepreneurship: Evidence from China. Cities, 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CITIES.2024.104978
83. Zoro, R., & Mefiardhi, R. (2006). Insulator damages due to lightning strikes in power system: Some experiences in Indonesia. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, 677–682. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPADM.2006.284268
84. Zulfikri, A. (2023). Effects of Pollution and Transportation on Public Health in Jakarta. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies, 1(03), 22–26. https://doi.org/10.58812/WSIS.V1I03.51
2. Akbar, D. D. (2023). Pollution and Stunting (Case Study at DKI Jakarta). INTERACTION: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa, 10(2), 764–776. https://doi.org/10.36232/Jurnalpendidikanbahasa.V10I2.4899
3. Alfariza, L., Putra, R. E., & Rosmiati, M. (2023). Analisis Kontribusi Urban Farming Dalam Mendukung Pencapaian Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) Pada Pilar Ekonomi Dan Sosial. Mimbar Agribisnis : Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis, 9(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.25157/MA.V9I1.8134
4. Appleby-Arnold, S., Brockdorff, N., & Callus, C. (2021). Developing a “culture of disaster preparedness”: The citizens’ view. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2021.102133
5. A’Rachman, F. R., Setiawan, C., Warnadi, Insani, N., & Hijrawadi, S. N. (2022). Spatial Analysis of Public Transportation Accessibility for Pedestrian in Central Jakarta. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1039(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1039/1/012044
6. Arifin, H. S., & Nakagoshi, N. (2011). Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 7(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11355-010-0145-9
7. Arsyah, T. D., & Pakri, P. (2023). Leveraging Human Capital for Performance Enhancement in Indonesia’s Technology Sector. Journal of Economics and Business Letters, 4(3), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.55942/JEBL.V4I3.323
8. Assayuti, A. A., Ani, N., Pujowati, Y., Abeng, A. T., & Kamal, D. M. (2023). Impact of air Pollution, Population Density, Land Use, and Transportation on Public Health in Jakarta. Jurnal Geosains West Science, 1(02), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.58812/JGWS.V1I02.391
9. Babacan, H., & Gopalkrishnan, N. (2015). Ethnic Minority Groups in Healthcare Governance. The Palgrave International Handbook of Healthcare Policy and Governance, 615–630. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137384935_37
10. Basaria, A. A. A., Ahsan, A., Nadeem, A., Tariq, R., & Raufi, N. (2023). Infectious diseases following hydrometeorological disasters: current scenario, prevention, and control measures. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 85(8), 3778. https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000001056
11. Battistone, M. J., Kemeyou, L., & Varpio, L. (2023). The Theoretical Integrative Review—A Reader’s Guide. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 15(4), 449–452. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-23-00265.1
12. Bennett, W. G., Karunarathna, H., Xuan, Y., Kusuma, M. S. B., Farid, M., Kuntoro, A. A., Rahayu, H. P., Kombaitan, B., Septiadi, D., Kesuma, T. N. A., Haigh, R., & Amaratunga, D. (2023). Modelling compound flooding: a case study from Jakarta, Indonesia. Natural Hazards, 118(1), 277–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11069-023-06001-1
13. Buntoro Darmasetiawan, J., Rapina, R., O.Fuentess, R., & Rajagukguk, R. O. (2022). The Description Of Readiness Of Organization Culture Of Organizations In Indonesia To Support The Implementation Of Appreciative Inquiry. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, 3(35). https://doi.org/10.31435/RSGLOBAL_IJITSS/30092022/7861
14. Cai, J., Zhao, Z., Zhou, Z., & Wang, Y. (2024). Predicting the carbon emission reduction potential of shared electric bicycle travel. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 129, 104107. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRD.2024.104107
15. Cao, H. (2023). Urban Resilience: Concept, Influencing Factors and Improvement. Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management, 9(1), 343–346. https://doi.org/10.54097/FBEM.V9I1.8777
16. Cheshmehzangi, A., & Aurelia Li, H. M. (2020). Innovation through Urban Diversity and Achieving Comprehensive Sustainable Urbanism from a Community-Oriented Approach. Current Urban Studies, 08(02), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.4236/CUS.2020.82012
17. Chong, S. K., et.al (2020). Economic outcomes predicted by diversity in cities. EPJ Data Science, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1140/EPJDS/S13688-020-00234-X
18. Dammayatri, R., Susantoro, T. M., & Wikantika, K. (2023). Green Open Space and Barren Land Mapping for Flood Mitigation in Jakarta, the Capital of Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 55(2), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.22146/IJG.76452
19. Dang, A. (2023). Social inclusion for sustainability: Insights from the study “Criteria for sustainable urban communities and cities in Vietnam.” 115–133. https://doi.org/10.34074/PROC.2301010
20. Das, M. B., & Majumdar, S. (2019). What Does Social Inclusion Mean for a Resilient City? What Does Social Inclusion Mean for a Resilient City? https://doi.org/10.1596/31693
21. Denton, F., et.a;l (2014). Climate-Resilient Pathways: Adaptation, Mitigation, and Sustainable Development. Climate Change 2014 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, 1101–1131. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415379.025
22. Dethier, J. J. (2017). Trash, cities, and politics: Urban environmental problems in Indonesia. Indonesia, 2017(103), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.5728/INDONESIA.103.0073
23. Duranton, G. (2015). Growing through cities in developing countries. World Bank Research Observer, 30(1), 39–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKU006
24. Eraydin, A., Tasan-Kok, T., & Vranken, J. (2010). Diversity matters: Immigrant entrepreneurship and contribution of different forms of social integration in economic performance of cities. European Planning Studies, 18(4), 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654311003593556
25. Farda, M., & Lubis, H. al-R. (2018). Transportation System Development and Challenge in Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Technology (IJSTT), 1(2), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.31427/IJSTT.2018.1.2.2
26. Fasvazahra, I. A., Adytia, D., & Simaremare, A. A. (2022). Electricity Time Series Forecasting by using Transformer with Case Study in Jakarta Banten. 2022 5th International Conference on Computer and Informatics Engineering, IC2IE 2022, 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2IE56416.2022.9970104
27. Glaeser, E. L., & Xiong, W. (2017). Urban productivity in the developing world. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(3), 373–404. https://doi.org/10.1093/OXREP/GRX034
28. Hameed, A. A. S. (2021). Urban and Regional Planning Strategies to Achieve Sustainable Urban Development: (Subject review). International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, 07(03), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.31695/IJASRE.2021.33980
29. Hanifan, R., & Dhewanto, W. (2022). Reinforcing Business Resilience Through Entrepreneurial Competencies During Pandemic COVID-19: A Case of Indonesian MSMEs. International Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship, Social Science and Humanities, 5(2), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.31098/IJMESH.V5I2.1178
30. Hardi, A. Z., & Murad, A. K. A. (2023). Spatial Analysis of Accessibility for Public Transportation, A Case Study in Jakarta, Bus Rapid Transit System (Transjakarta), Indonesia. Journal of Computer Science, 19(10), 1190–1202. https://doi.org/10.3844/JCSSP.2023.1190.1202
31. Hastomo, A., Anggraheni, E., Prasetyo, A., & Sutjiningsih, D. (2023). Recommendations on Flood Management at Cengkareng Drain Estuary in Enhancing Estuary Resilience to Compound Hazard. CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development, 6(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.7454/jid.v6.i2.1116
32. Hilarius, Y., & Febrianty, D. (n.d.). Imbalanced Development And Social Exclusion of Urban Poor Group in Indonesia: Study of Urban Poor Group at Slum Area in Jakarta. Academia.Edu. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://www.academia.edu/download/32213193/Imbalanced_Development_And_Social_Exclusion_of_Urban_Poor_Group_in_Indonesia.pdf
33. Jayawardena, M. (2005). Electricity for All: Options for Increasing Access in Indonesia. Jakarta and Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/725981468025507664/pdf/513800WP0Elect10Box342026B01PUBLIC1.pdf
34. Kajiita, R. M., & Kang’ethe, S. M. (2024). Socio-Economic Dynamics Inhibiting Inclusive Urban Economic Development: Implications for Sustainable Urban Development in South African Cities. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16072803
35. Kemeny, T. (2012). Cultural diversity, institutions, and urban economic performance. Environment and Planning A, 44(9), 2134–2152. https://doi.org/10.1068/A44385
36. Kohon, J. (2018). Social inclusion in the sustainable neighborhood? Idealism of urban social sustainability theory complicated by realities of community planning practice. City, Culture and Society, 15, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CCS.2018.08.005
37. Lakshmanan, T. R. (2008). The Wider Economic Benefits of Transportation. 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789282101834-4-EN
38. Larbi, M., Kellett, J., & Palazzo, E. (2022). Urban Sustainability Transitions in the Global South: a Case Study of Curitiba and Accra. Urban Forum, 33(2), 223–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12132-021-09438-4/FIGURES/5
39. Lassa, J. A. (2019). Negotiating institutional pathways for sustaining climate change resilience and risk governance in Indonesia. Climate, 7(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/CLI7080095
40. Lazzarini, L., & Pacchi, C. (2023). Towards new geographies of cohesion in a context of growing inequalities: insights from two social innovation projects in Milan metropolitan area. Urban Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2023.2286231
41. Lufti, R. E. G., Resosudarmo, B. P., & Halimatussadiah, A. (2024). Shaped by Waters: The Role of Major Floods in Jakarta’s Urban Form Evolution. Energy Transitions and Climate Change Issues in Asia, 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1773-6_10
42. Maksim, B. (2011). Driving Urban Economic Growth – Evidence from Transition Economies. EERC Working Paper Series. https://ideas.repec.org/p/eer/wpalle/11-10e.html
43. Meerow, S., et.al. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2016, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204615002418
44. Merthayasa, A. (2015). Readiness Criteria: Indonesias’ New Initiative to Ensure Sustainable Development Program. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 776, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/AMM.776.101
45. Muhyiddin, M., Trisnantari, S. A., Amrizal, M. D. R., Fauwziyah, F., Harsiwie, R. I. P., & Ardhana, N. R. (2024). Indonesia Employment in 2023: Labor Force Conditions and Policy Developments in the Early Stages of the Demographic Bonus. Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 19(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.47198/JNAKER.V19I1.339
46. Muliandi Madjid, M., Bangun, E., Juni Risma, H., & Wilopo, W. (2024). Increasing Community Preparedness In Facing Floods Disaster In Jakarta City. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 3(6). https://doi.org/10.55227/IJHESS.V3I6.943
47. Muttaqin, M. Z., Herwangi, Y., Susetyo, C., Sefrus, T., & Subair, M. (2021). Public Transport Performance Based on the Potential Demand and Service Area (Case Study : Jakarta Public Transport). Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.DAENGKU367
48. Nathaniel, S. P. (2021). Ecological footprint, energy use, trade, and urbanization linkage in Indonesia. GeoJournal, 86(5), 2057–2070. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10708-020-10175-7
49. Nisi, V., Bala, P., Cesário, V., James, S., Del Bue, A., & Nunes, N. J. (2023). “Connected to the people”: Social Inclusion & Cohesion in Action through a Cultural Heritage Digital Tool. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 7(CSCW2). https://doi.org/10.1145/3610168
50. Padawangi, R., Turpin, E., Herlily, Prescott, M. F., Lee, I., & Shepherd, A. (2016). Mapping an alternative community river: The case of the Ciliwung. Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2015.09.001
51. Penney, D., Yantha, M., & Swatuk, L. (2022). A Megacity’s Hydrological Risk: An Analysis of Water Security Issues in Jakarta City, Indonesia. International Political Economy Series, 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08108-8_4
52. Praminta, S. M., Wiguna, S., & Pramana, A. (2020). Blackout restoration plan in jakarta power grid. Proceeding - 2nd International Conference on Technology and Policy in Electric Power and Energy, ICT-PEP 2020, 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT-PEP50916.2020.9249797
53. Pujiati, A., et.al. (2023). The detrimental effects of dirty energy, foreign investment, and corruption on environmental quality: New evidence from Indonesia. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENVS.2022.1074172
54. Purwaningtyas, I., Junining, E., & Hartono, D. (2020). Literacy Breakthrough Towards Indonesian Disaster Mitigation. https://doi.org/10.2991/ASSEHR.K.201021.037
55. Raghubanshi, A. S. (2024). Sustainable Urban Planning: A Comparative Study of Green City Initiatives Around the Worldqq. Journal of Sustainable Solutions, 1(3), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.36676/J.SUST.SOL.V1.I3.16
56. Ranindito, I. R., & Ramdhon, A. R. (2022). Respon Terhadap Isu Kelompok Rentan Dalam Upaya Pembangunan Kelurahan. Jurnal Analisa Sosiologi, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.20961/JAS.V11I4.61855
57. Ringwood, L., Watson, P., & Lewin, P. (2019). A quantitative method for measuring regional economic resilience to the great recession. Growth and Change, 50(1), 381–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/GROW.12265
58. Rosatul Umah, & Eva Gusmira. (2024). Dampak Pencemaran Udara terhadap Kesehatan Masyarakat di Perkotaan. Profit: Jurnal Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 3(3), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.58192/PROFIT.V3I3.2246
59. Rushayati, S. B., et.al. (2016). Adaptation Strategy Toward Urban Heat Island at Tropical Urban Area. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENV.2016.03.073
60. Saehu, M. S., et.al. (2023). Realizing the Narrative: Higher Education Strategies as Creative Economy Agents in Indonesia. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(2), 1471–1479. https://doi.org/10.35445/ALISHLAH.V15I2.3079
61. Saifuddin, A. F. (2014). Integrasi Sosial Golongan Miskin di Perkotaan: Kajian Kasus di Jakarta. Antropologi Indonesia, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.7454/AI.V29I3.3549
62. Sari, V. K. (2023). The Role of Education towards Economic Growth: Evidence from Indonesia. JURNAL DINAMIKA EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN, 5(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.14710/JDEP.5.3.221-228
63. Sarjito, A. (2023). Evaluation of Indonesian Government Policies in Addressing Climate Change and Natural Disasters. JISHUM : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 2(1), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.57248/JISHUM.V2I1.283
64. Scozzi, B., Pellegrino, R., de Trizio, A., & Di Lonardo, M. (2024). Investigating Urban Resilience Through a Resource-Based View Framework: Evidence from an Empirical Survey. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 489 LNCE, 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57800-7_33
65. Shamsipour, A., et.al. (2024). Assessing and mapping urban ecological resilience using the loss-gain approach: A case study of Tehran, Iran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 103, 105252. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2024.105252
66. Singh, A. (2024). Urban Resilience and Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Sustainable Solutions, 1(2), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.36676/J.SUST.SOL.V1.I2.12
67. Singh, M., Arora, V., & Kulshreshta, K. (2024). Towards Sustainable Cities. 212–233. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6567-0.CH011
68. Siswanto, S., et.al. (2023). Spatio-temporal characteristics of urban heat Island of Jakarta metropolitan. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 32, 101062. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSASE.2023.101062
69. Siswanto, S., et.al (2016). Temperature, extreme precipitation, and diurnal rainfall changes in the urbanized Jakarta city during the past 130 years. International Journal of Climatology, 36(9), 3207–3225. https://doi.org/10.1002/JOC.4548
70. Sulistiyono, N., Basyuni, M., & Slamet, B. (2018). Land surface temperature distribution and development for green open space in Medan city using imagery-based satellite Landsat 8. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 126(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012128
71. Surya, B., et.al (2021). Land use change, urban agglomeration, and urban sprawl: A sustainable development perspective of makassar city, indonesia. Land, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/LAND10060556
72. Tanadi, A., & Basrowi, R. W. (2023). Health Mitigation Strategies and Challenges in Vulnerable Groups and Natives in Indonesia: A Literature Review. The Indonesian Journal of Community and Occupational Medicine, 3(2), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.53773/IJCOM.V3I2.101.130-40
73. Telaumbanua, E., Harsono, I., & Soegiarto, I. (2024). Urbanisation in Indonesia: The Relationship between Income Inequality, Urban Infrastructure, Access to Education, and Population Growth with Social Cohesion, Environmental Resilience, and Housing Quality to look at Urbanisation in Indonesia. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 5(1), 603–614. https://doi.org/10.56442/IJBLE.V5I1.443
74. Tjiptoherijanto, P. (2016). Urbanisasi Dan Pengembangan Kota Di Indonesia. Populasi, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.22146/JP.12484
75. Turpin, E. (2014). Open Source City project (Jakarta pilot study): innovations for urban resilience from a geosocial intelligence perspective. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Open-Source-City-project-(Jakarta-pilot-study)%3A-for-Turpin/d075907348576ff3ef6a053e335e846f0b83820c
76. Ufaira, R., Amir, S., Indraprahasta, G. S., & Nastiti, A. (2023). Living in a hot city: thermal justice through green open space provision. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 5, 1237515. https://doi.org/10.3389/FHUMD.2023.1237515
77. Wahyudi, A., & Alterkawi, M. M. (2023). The Impacts of Public Transportation Policy on Bus Rapid Transit Operational in the Metropolitan Jakarta. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah Dan Kota, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.14710/PWK.V19I4.45807
78. Widarni, E. L., & Bawono, S. (2023). Investigating The Role Of Education In Stability Of Work Participation In Economic Shocks From The Asian Financial Crisis To The Covid 19 Pandemic In Indonesia. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.26668/BUSINESSREVIEW/2023.V8I1.811
79. Wijayanti, F. (2023). Exploring Local Labor Markets and Knowledge Spillover from a Spatial Perspective. R-Economy, 9(3), 252–268. https://doi.org/10.15826/RECON.2023.9.3.015
80. World Cities Report 2020. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://unhabitat.org/wcr/2020/
81. Xu, X. (2024). Urban Planning from a City Design Perspective: Thoughts on Refined Management. Transactions on Economics, Business and Management Research, 7, 433–438. https://doi.org/10.62051/MS6WVR70
82. Zhou, M., Qiao, Y., & Guo, J. (2024). Research on the mechanism involved in urban social inclusiveness and resident entrepreneurship: Evidence from China. Cities, 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CITIES.2024.104978
83. Zoro, R., & Mefiardhi, R. (2006). Insulator damages due to lightning strikes in power system: Some experiences in Indonesia. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, 677–682. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPADM.2006.284268
84. Zulfikri, A. (2023). Effects of Pollution and Transportation on Public Health in Jakarta. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies, 1(03), 22–26. https://doi.org/10.58812/WSIS.V1I03.51
Authors
[1]
“Urban Resilience: Navigating Challenges and Opportunities in Indonesia”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 5965–5984, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.18535/sshj.v8i12.1491.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.