Women groundnut farmers’ participation in aflatoxin management interventions in Chemba District, Tanzania
Abstract
This study examined the nature of women groundnut farmers’ participation in aflatoxin management interventions in Chemba District in Tanzania. The study employed a cross-sectional mixed-methods research design involving quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Data were collected using a survey of 137 women groundnut farmers. Also, qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Specifically, 66.5% of women respondents were involved in the aflatoxin management interventions currently being implemented in the study area, while 33.5% reported no participation in such interventions. Also, the findings show that the recent TANIPAC project interventions were perceived positively to bring anticipated positive economic changes and lessen aflatoxin contamination in the food system. Overall, women's participation in interventions is crucial for effectively managing aflatoxin and reducing contamination within the food system.
References
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25. Okiror, J. J.; Twanza, B.; Orum, B.; Ebanyat, P.; Kule, E. B.; Tegbaru, A.; and Ayesiga, C. (2021). Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development For whom will the crop be promoted? A search for gender equity along the grain-legume value chains in Uganda. 13(4), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2017.0872
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29. Robrujen, S., Vutiso, P., & Daenseekaew, S. (2023). Developing the Life Quality of the Elderly in Local and Its Psychological Effect with the Participation of the Community, Muang District, Chaiyaphum Province. Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, 6(3s), 271–280.
30. Seetha, A., Munthali, W., Msere, H. W., Swai, E., Muzanila, Y., Sichone, E., Tsusaka, T. W., Rathore, A., and Okori, P. (2017). Occurrence of aflatoxins and its management in diverse cropping systems of central Tanzania. Mycotoxin Research, 33(4), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-017-0286-x
31. Seetha, A., Tsusaka, T. W., Njoroge, S. M. C., Kumwenda, N., Kachulu, L., Maruwo, J., MacHinjiri, N., Botha, R., Msere, H. W., Masumba, J., Tavares, A., Heinrich, G. M., Siambi, M., and Okori, P. (2019). Knowledge, attitude and practice ofmalawian farmers on pre- And post-harvest cropmanagement tomitigate aflatoxin contamination in groundnut,maize and sorghum-implication for behavioral change. Toxins, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120716
32. Sutiyo, and Maharjan, K. L. (2017). Rural Community Leadership in Decentralization. In Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3208-0_8
33. Umar, A., Bhatti, H. S., and Honey, S. F. (2023). A call for aflatoxin control in Asia. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00169-z
34. Xu, Y., Doel, A., Watson, S., Routledge, M. N., Elliott, C. T., Moore, S. E., and Gong, Y. Y. (2017). Study of an educational hand sorting intervention for reducing aflatoxin B1 in Groundnuts in Rural Gambia. Journal of Food Protection, 80(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-152
35. Zahirinia, M., and Nikkhah, H. (2016). Women Empowerment through Participation in NGOs’ Programmers. Culture and Society in The Middle East, 1–23.
2. Ahmad, M., Han, Z., and Kong, Q. (2023). Aflatoxin in peanuts and maize: an overview on occurrence, regulations, prevention, and control methods. World Mycotoxin Journal. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2022.2786
3. Bako, M. J., and Syed, J. (2018). Women’s marginalization in Nigeria and the way forward. Human Resource Development International, 21(5), 425–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2018.1458567
4. Bashir, M. B., Ndaghu, A. A., Gbana, N. S. H., Kyaru, M. T., and Samuel, R. T. (2021). Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 25(1), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.4314/jae.v25i1.9S
5. Boni, S. B., Beed, F., Kimanya, M. E., Koyano, E., Mponda, O., Mamiro, D., Kaoneka, B., Bandyopadhyay, R., Korie, S., and Mahuku, G. (2021). Aflatoxin contamination in Tanzania: quantifying the problem in maize and groundnuts from rural households. World Mycotoxin Journal, 14(4), 553–564. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2020.2646
6. Cervini, C., Abegaz, B., Mohammed, A., Elias, R., Medina, A., Gebre, K., and Verheecke-Vaessen, C. (2023). Assessment of agricultural practices by Ethiopian women farmers: existence of gender disparities in access to mycotoxins training. World Mycotoxin Journal, 16(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2022.2827
7. Christie, M. E., Kyamureku, P., Kaaya, A., and Devenport, A. (2015). Farmers, peanuts, and aflatoxins in Uganda: A gendered approach. Development in Practice, 25(1), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2015.983459
8. Cohen, J. M., and Uphoff, N. T. (1980). Participation’s place in rural development: Seeking clarity through specificity. World Development, 8(3), 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(80)90011-X
9. Cooke, B., and Kothari, U. (2001). Particpation: The New Tyranny? ZED BOOKS Development Studies, London.
10. Daluwatte, D., Sivakumar, S. S., and Mutua, F. (2020). Community Participation In Community Based Water Societies And Reflection On Community Participation And Sustainability. Cultivating fresh water from salt water Elephantpass lagoon View project (Livestock Identification and Traceability Systems) LITS Proje. September. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344407735
11. Doloh, N., Boonkaew, R., and Rangpan, V. (2023). Effects of Family Participation Enhancing Program on Health Behaviors 24 of Muslim Elderly with Hypertension in Thung Yang Daeng District, Pattani Province. Interdisciplinary Research Review (IRR), 18(6).
12. Ezekiel, C., Ortega-Beltran, A., and Bandyopadhyay, R. (2019). The need for integrated approaches to address food safety risk: the case of mycotoxins in Africa. First FAO/WHO/AU International Food Safety Conference. 12-13 Feb, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Paca, 2016–2018.
13. Gregory, A. (2000). Problematizing Participation. Everyday Economic Practices, SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi), 3890(200004), 31–56. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203943830-8
14. Jallow, A., Xie, H., Tang, X., Qi, Z., and Li, P. (2021). Worldwide aflatoxin contamination of agricultural products and foods: From occurrence to control. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(3), 2332–2381. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12734
15. Kamala, A., Shirima, C., Jani, B., Bakari, M., Sillo, H., Rusibamayila, N., De Saeger, S., Kimanya, M., Gong, Y. Y., Simba, A., Wigenge, R., Justin, I., Kyombo, F., Tarimo, V., Hipolite, D., Mziray, R., Kaiz, K., Mutabuzi, C., Muita, M., … Mengele, I. (2018). Outbreak of an acute aflatoxicosis in Tanzania during 2016. World Mycotoxin Journal, 11(3), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2018.2344
16. Karki, E., Chaudhary, A., Sharma, A., Timsina, P., Sharma, R., Leipzig, A., and Brown, B. (2023). What agricultural transition means for women in male-headed households in South Asia: an in-depth exploration of intrahousehold evaluation processes. Gender, Technology and Development, 27(3), 444–467. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2023.2260655
17. Kimanya, M. E., Tiisekwa, B., and Mpolya, E. (2016). Country and Economic Assessment for Aflatoxin Contamination and Control in Tanzania ; A supplement to the 2012 Report. June.
18. Komba, R., Mwaseba, D., and Martin, R. (2024). Rural Women’s Participation in Managing Aflatoxin Contamination in the Groundnut Postharvest Value Chain in Chemba District, Tanzania. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 16(6), 110–125. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2024/v16i61445
19. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques (Second rev). New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002. https://ccsuniversity.ac.in/bridge-library/pdf/Research-Methodology-CR-Kothari.pdf
20. Matumba, L., Monjerezi, M., Kankwamba, H., Njoroge, S. M. C., Ndilowe, P., Kabuli, H., Kambewa, D., and Njapau, H. (2018). Knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning presence of molds in foods among members of the general public in Malawi. Mycotoxin Research, 32(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-015-0237-3
21. Meijer, N., Kleter, G., de Nijs, M., Rau, M. L., Derkx, R., and van der Fels-Klerx, H. J. (2021). The aflatoxin situation in Africa: Systematic literature review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(3), 2286–2304. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12731
22. Meneely, J. P., Kolawole, O., Haughey, S. A., Miller, S. J., Krska, R., and Elliott, C. T. (2023). The Challenge of Global Aflatoxins Legislation with a Focus on Peanuts and Peanut Products: A Systematic Review. Exposure and Health, 15(2), 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-022-00499-9
23. Nathan Meijer, Gijs Kleter, Rosa Amalia Safitri, Monique de Nijs, Marie-Luise Rau, Ria Derkx, Joke Webbink, Marijn Post, Yuca Waarts, I. van der F.-K. (2018). The aflatoxin situation in Africa. Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (PACA), African Union Commission, 153. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.aflatoxinpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The_aflatoxin_situation_in_Africa_Systematic_Lit_Rev_Executive_summary.pdf
24. NBS. (2022). Administrative Units Population Distribution Report. National Population and House Census of Tanzania. National Bureau of Statistics, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 3A, 290. https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Census2022/Administrative_units_Population_Distribution_Report_Tanzania_volume1a.pdf
25. Okiror, J. J.; Twanza, B.; Orum, B.; Ebanyat, P.; Kule, E. B.; Tegbaru, A.; and Ayesiga, C. (2021). Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development For whom will the crop be promoted? A search for gender equity along the grain-legume value chains in Uganda. 13(4), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2017.0872
26. Ortega-Beltran, A., & Bandyopadhyay, R. (2021). Contributions of integrated aflatoxin management strategies to achieve the sustainable development goals in various African countries. Global Food Security, 30(May), 100559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100559
27. PACA. (2020). Strengthening Aflatoxin Control in Tanzania: Policy Recommendations. Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210.2
28. Posey, S., Magnan, N., McCullough, E. B., Hoffmann, V., Opoku, N., and Alidu, A. H. (2024). Challenges to groundnut value chain development: lessons from an (attempted) experiment in Ghana. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 00(00), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2024.2319657
29. Robrujen, S., Vutiso, P., & Daenseekaew, S. (2023). Developing the Life Quality of the Elderly in Local and Its Psychological Effect with the Participation of the Community, Muang District, Chaiyaphum Province. Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, 6(3s), 271–280.
30. Seetha, A., Munthali, W., Msere, H. W., Swai, E., Muzanila, Y., Sichone, E., Tsusaka, T. W., Rathore, A., and Okori, P. (2017). Occurrence of aflatoxins and its management in diverse cropping systems of central Tanzania. Mycotoxin Research, 33(4), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-017-0286-x
31. Seetha, A., Tsusaka, T. W., Njoroge, S. M. C., Kumwenda, N., Kachulu, L., Maruwo, J., MacHinjiri, N., Botha, R., Msere, H. W., Masumba, J., Tavares, A., Heinrich, G. M., Siambi, M., and Okori, P. (2019). Knowledge, attitude and practice ofmalawian farmers on pre- And post-harvest cropmanagement tomitigate aflatoxin contamination in groundnut,maize and sorghum-implication for behavioral change. Toxins, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120716
32. Sutiyo, and Maharjan, K. L. (2017). Rural Community Leadership in Decentralization. In Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3208-0_8
33. Umar, A., Bhatti, H. S., and Honey, S. F. (2023). A call for aflatoxin control in Asia. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00169-z
34. Xu, Y., Doel, A., Watson, S., Routledge, M. N., Elliott, C. T., Moore, S. E., and Gong, Y. Y. (2017). Study of an educational hand sorting intervention for reducing aflatoxin B1 in Groundnuts in Rural Gambia. Journal of Food Protection, 80(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-152
35. Zahirinia, M., and Nikkhah, H. (2016). Women Empowerment through Participation in NGOs’ Programmers. Culture and Society in The Middle East, 1–23.
Authors
[1]
“Women groundnut farmers’ participation in aflatoxin management interventions in Chemba District, Tanzania”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 9, no. 02, pp. 6812–6823, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.18535/sshj.v9i02.1662.
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