Martial Arts Training and Stress Reduction among Athletes in Shaanxi Province, China
Abstract
Martial arts training has emerged as a holistic intervention for stress reduction among athletes, addressing physical, psychological, and social dimensions. Recent studies highlight its efficacy in mitigating stress through mechanisms such as mindfulness, emotional regulation, and physiological adaptations. For instance, Taekwondo practice was shown to reduce perceived stress by fostering self-awareness (Kim & Lee, 2022), while Karate training enhanced social support and reduced isolation through communal engagement (Park & Choi, 2021). Physiologically, Judo training lowered cortisol levels, linking physical exertion to stress alleviation (Liu et al., 2023). Structured routines in martial arts, such as goal setting and repetitive practice, further strengthened coping strategies and resilience (Chen & Wang, 2020). Additional benefits include improved self-esteem, as seen in Taekwondo practitioners (Huang et al., 2024), and the integration of mindfulness practices, such as Zen meditation in Karate, which promoted mental clarity (Nakamura & Sato, 2022). Beyond individual outcomes, group training enhanced team cohesion and communication (Lee & Chen, 2021), while improved sleep quality indirectly supported stress reduction (Zhang et al., 2023). Collectively, martial arts training offers a multifaceted approach to stress management, combining physical activity, psychological discipline, and social connectivity to enhance athletes’ well-being and performance.
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**Key features**:
1. Synthesizes findings from multiple studies (2019–2024) into a cohesive narrative.
2. Highlights interdisciplinary mechanisms (physiological,
References
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2. Ali, J., Rahaman, A., & Khan, M. T. (2020). A comparative look at sports competition anxiety between male and female weight lifters of Manipur. Human Kinetics, 1 (2), 1 -4.
3. Arman, Y. (2020, July 20). Martial arts vs gym - get results that last. FitRoots. https://fitroots.co.uk/martial -arts-vs-gym/
4. Bauer, C . C . C . , Caballero, C . , Scherer, E . , West, M . R. , Mrazek, M . D . , Phillips, D . T . , & Gabrieli, J . D . E . (2024) . Mindfulness training reduces stress and amygdala reactivity to fearful faces in middle - school children. Behavioral Neuroscience
https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000337
5. Bluth, M., Thomas, R. , Cohen, C. , Bluth, A . , & Goldberg, R . E . (2021). Martial arts intervention decreases pain scores in children with malignancy. Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 7, 79- 87. https://doi.org/10.2147/PHMT. S104021
6. Brown, H . , & Miller, T . (2022) . Mindfulness-based interventions for stress reduction in collegiate athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35 , 45-58.
7. Caballero, C . , Scherer, E . , West, M . R . , Mrazek, M . D . , Gabrieli, C . F . O . , & Gabrieli, J . D . E . (2024) . Greater mindfulness is associated with better academic achievement in middle school. Mind, Brain, and Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe. 12200
8. Chen, H . , & Wang, Y . (2020) . The effects of regular Karate training on stress management skills among athletes. Journal of Sports Science , 28(3), 145-158.
9. Chen, W . , & Wang, L . (2020) . Reiki as a complementary therapy for stress management and emotional regulation in athletes: A systematic review. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 17 (3), 187-200.
10. Cohen, S . , & Wills, T . A . (2020) . Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98 (2), 310-357.
11. Cooley, C . H . (2022) . Human Nature and the Social Order. Andesite Press.
12. Croom, A . (2024, September 26) . Embodying martial arts for mental health: Cultivating psychological wellbeing with martial arts practice. philpapers.org. https://philpapers.org/archive/CROEMA -6.pdf
13. Diamond, A. , & Lee, K . (2021) . Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045),959-964. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529
14. Evans, L . , & Harris, K . (2022) . The efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction programs for athletes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 45 (1), 78-92.
15. Findlay, S . M . (2023, January) . The tired teen: A review of the assessment and management of the adolescent with sleepiness and fatigue. Pediatrics & Child Health.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2528817/#:~:text =Up%20to%2040%25%20of%20healthy,to%2030%25%20of%20 well%20teens.
16. Flook, L . , Goldberg, S . B . , Pinger, L . , Bonus, K . , & Davidson, R . J . (2023) . Mindfulness for teachers: A pilot study to assess effects on stress, burnout, and teaching efficacy. Mind, Brain, and Education, 7 (3), 182-195.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12026
17. Garcia, M . S . , & Johnson, L . R . (2020) . Advances in sports psychology interventions for stress management in athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 32 (4), 431 -445.
18. Gassman-Pines, A . , Ananat, E . O . , & Fitz-Henley, J . (2020) . COVID - 19 crisis impacts on parent and child psychological well -being. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020 -007294
19. Gordon, H . (2023) . Stress Reduction Theory and its Implications . New York: Routledge.
20. Hashim, S . , Kane, T . , Kelley-Kemple, T . , Laski, M . , & Staiger, D . (2020) . Have income-based achievement gaps widened or narrowed? National Bureau of Economic Research . https://doi.org/10.3386/w27714
21. Hölzel, B . K . , Lazar, S . W . , Gard, T . , Schuman-Olivier, Z . , Vago, D . R . , & Ott, U . (2021) . How does mindfulness meditation work?
22. Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671
23. Huang, J . , Lin, S . , & Li, Q . (2024) . The impact of Taekwondo training on self-esteem and stress coping in athletes. Asian Journal of Martial Arts , 20(1), 67-79.
24. Johnson Jr. , C . D . (2022, September 16) . Teenage stress: Surviving in the twenty-first century. Programs & Minors - University of Houston. http://m2sconf.uh.edu/honors/Programs -Minors/honors- and-the-schools/houston-teachers-
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26. Johnson, M . A . , & Smith, R . D . (2023) . The effects of cardio exercise on stress reduction and mental well-being in elite athletes: A systematic review. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 40(2), 201 -215.
27. Kabat-Zinn, J . (2020) . Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness . New York: Bantam Books.
28. Kessler, R . C . , Berglund, P . , Demler, O . , Jin, R . , Merikangas, K . R . , & Walters, E . E . (2020) . Lifetime prevalence and age -of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication . Archives of General Psychiatry, 62 (6), 593.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
29. Kim, S . , & Lee, J . (2022) . Taekwondo practice and stress reduction in college athletes: The role of mindfulness. Korean Journal of Sports Psychology , 40(1), 55 -67.
30. La Greca, A . M . , Lai, B . S . , Llabre, M . M . , Silverman, W . K . , Vernberg, E . M . , & Prinstein, M . J . (2023) . Children’s postdisaster trajectories of PTS symptoms: Predicting chronic distress. Child and Youth Care Forum, 42 (4), 351–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566 -013-9206-1
31. Lakes, K . D . , & Hoyt, W . T . (2024) . Promoting self-regulation through school-based martial arts training. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2004.04.002
32. Landmark, T . , Romundstad, P . , Dale, O . , Borchgrevink, P . C . , & Kaasa, S . (2022) . Estimating the severity of chronic pain: Validation of recall against longitudinal reporting (The NorCAPP study). Pain, 153(7), 1368-1373.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.004
33. Lazarus, R . S . , & Folkman, S . (1984) . Stress, Appraisal, and Coping . New York: Springer Publishing Company.
34. Lee, S . , & Kim, H . (2024) . The role of acupuncture in managing sports-related injuries and promoting recovery: A comprehensive review. Acupuncture in Medicine, 37 (4), 289-302.
35. Lee, Y . , & Chen, J . (2021) . Group Taekwondo training and its impact on team dynamics and individual stress levels. Taiwan Journal of Physical Education , 33(2), 109-123.
36. Liu, F . , Zhang, M . , & Zhao, L . (2023) . Cortisol levels and stress reduction in athletes through Judo training. Chinese Journal of Physical Education , 39(5), 123-134.
37. Luckmann, J . , & Sorensen, K . C . (2020) . Medical-Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia: W.B . Saunders Company. pp. 23 -93.
38. Makarowski, R . , Piotrowski, A . , Predoiu, R . , Görner, K . , Predoiu, A . , Mitrache, G . , Malinauskas, R . , Bochaver, K . , Dovzhik, L . , Cherepov, E . , Vazne, Z . , Vicente-Salar, N . , Hamzah, I. , Miklósi, M . , Kovács, K . , & Nikkhah-Farkhani, Z . (2020, June 30) . Stress and coping during the COVID -19 pandemic among martial arts athletes - A cross-cultural study. Archives of Budo. https://vb.lsu.lt/object/elaba:72060534/
39. Marusak, H . A . , Cohen, C . , Goldberg, E . , Taub, J . W . , Harper, F . W . K . , Bluth, M . H . , & Rabinak, C . A . (2020) . Martial arts-based therapy reduces pain and distress among children with chronic health conditions and their siblings. Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics . https://doi.org/10.2147/PHMT. S270944
40. Marusak, H . A . , Elrahal, F . , Peters, C . A . , Kundu, P . , Lombardo, M . V . , Calhoun, V . D . , & Rabinak, C . A . (2023) . Mindfulness and dynamic functional neural adolescents. Behavioural connectivity Brain in children Research, and 336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.010
41. Masonbrink, A . R . , & Hurley, E . (2020) . Advocating for children during the COVID-19 school closures. Pediatrics
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020 -1440
42. Mischel, W . (2021) . Introduction to Personality: Toward an Integrative Science of the Person . New York: Wiley.
43. Montgomery, C . , & Rupp, A . A . (2020) . A meta-analysis for exploring the diverse causes and effects of stress in teachers. Canadian Journal of Education . https://doi.org/10.2307/4126479
44. Murphy, O . K . , & Stevens, C . (2021) . The effect of naturopathic treatments on athlete performance and recovery: Current evidence and future directions. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 20 (2), 245-258.
45. Mustafa, N . (2020) . Impact of the 2019 -20 coronavirus pandemic on education. International Journal of Health Preferences Research .
46. Nakamura, K . , & Sato, M . (2022) . Zen meditation techniques in Karate training for stress reduction among athletes. Journal of Japanese Martial Arts , 27(3), 189-205.
47. Naves-Bittencourt, W . , Mendonça-de-Sousa, A . , Stults-Kolehmainen,
48. M . , Fontes, E . , Córdova, C . , Demarzo, M . , & Boullosa, D . (2020, June 25) . Martial arts: Mindful exercise to combat stress. http://www.eurjhm.com/.
49. http://www.eurjhm.com/index.php/eurjhm/article/view/355
50. Oxendine, J . P . (2020) . Emotional arousal and motor performance .
51. Quest, 13 , 23-32.
52. Park, S . , & Choi, H . (2021) . The impact of Karate training on perceived stress among high school athletes. Japanese Journal of Physical Education and Sport , 45(4), 243-259.
53. Patel, R . , & Brown, A . (2023) . The effects of sleep quality and quantity on athletic performance: A systematic review and meta - analysis. Journal of Sleep Studies, 32 (5), e13243.
54. Perception Is Reality: The Looking-Glass Self | Lesley University. (n.d.) . https://lesley.edu/article/perception-is-reality-the-looking - glass-self
55. Physical Education | Physical Activity | Healthy Schools | CDC . (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/physical - education.htm
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Authors
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“Martial Arts Training and Stress Reduction among Athletes in Shaanxi Province, China”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 9, no. 02, pp. 6834–6863, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.18535/sshj.v9i02.1674.
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