The Rural-Urban Gap in Domestic Violence and Women’s Economic Empowerment
Abstract
Rural and urban regions have different social structures and norms and therefore, women’s condition also considerably varies. In this paper, the rural-urban gap in domestic violence and women’s economic empowerment is analyzed. The study is conducted on NFHS-5 (2020=21) data. The result shows that women from rural areas experience higher domestic violence than women from urban areas. Women from rural areas are also found to be less empowered than women from urban areas. The study further shows that women’s economic empowerment is significant in reducing domestic violence. If women are working, then domestic violence is less likely to occur. Factors that increase the likelihood of domestic violence are women’s higher education and earnings than men’s, age differences, controlling issues, and alcohol drinking by husbands.
References
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Saftlas et al. (2014). Motivational interviewing and intimate partner violence: a randomized trial. Annals of Epidemiology, 24(2), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.10.006
Schafer, R. (2000). Men’s migrant labour and its effects on gender relations in rural Zimbabwe. In J. Knorr & B. Meier (Eds), Women and migration: Anthropological perspectives (pp. 151–180). New York, St. Martin’s Press.
Shakya et al. (2017). Longitudinal associations of intimate partner violence attitudes and perpetration: Dyadic couples data from a randomized controlled trial in rural India. Social Science & Medicine, 179, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.032
Aizer, A. (2010). The Gender Wage Gap and Domestic Violence. Am Econ Rev, 100(4):1847-1859. doi: 10.1257/aer.100.4.1847.
Bonnes, S. (2016). Education and Income Imbalances Among Married Couples in Malawi as Predictors for Likelihood of Physical and Emotional Intimate Partner Violence. Violence and Victims, 31(1), 51-70. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00016.
Chandra, R., Srivastava, S., Singh, A., Mukherjee, S., Patel, JK. (2023). Locating perpetrators of violence against women in India: An analysis of married men's characteristics associated with intimate partner violence. PLoS One, 18(8):e0289596. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289596.
Chang, X., Yang, Y., Li, R. (2022). The characteristics of husbands and violence against women in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health, 22: 73. pmid:35287639.
Chowdhry, P. (2014). Masculine Spaces: Rural Male Culture in North India. Economic and Political Weekly, 49(47), 41–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24481028
Chowdhury, S., Singh, A., Kasemi, N., Chakrabarty, M., Pakhadhara, TR. (2022). Intimate Partner Violence among Scheduled Caste Women in India: A Cross-sectional Study. Vict Offenders, 00: 1–19.
Ikuomola, A.D. (2015). An exploration of life experiences of left-behind wives in Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology, 6(1), 289–307
Jewkes, R. (2002). Intimate partner violence: Causes and prevention. The Lancet, 359(9315), 1423-1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08357-5.
Jeyaseelan, L., Kumar, S., Neelakantan, N., Peedicayil, A., Pillai, R., Duvvury, N. (2007). Physical spousal violence against women in India: some risk factors. J Biosoc Sci. 39:657–70
Kabeer, N. (1997). Women, Wages and Intra-household Power Relations in Urban Bangladesh. Development and Change, 28(2): 261-278.
Kamimura, A., Ganta, V., Myers, K., Thomas, T. (2017). Intimate Partner Violence, Childhood Abuse, and In-Law Abuse Among Women Utilizing Community Health Services in Gujarat, India. J Interpers Violence, 32: 3778–3796. doi: 10.1177/0886260515603973
Khosla, S. (May 08, 2022). List of states with most & least domestic violence against women released. inshorts. Available at: https://inshorts.com/en/news/list-of-states-with-most-least-domestic-violence-against-women-released-1652004873638
Koenig, MA., Stephenson, R., Ahmed, S., Jejeebhoy, SJ., Campbell, J. (2006). Individual and contextual determinants of domestic violence in North India. Am J Public Health, 96:132–8.
Krishnan et al. (2010). Do changes in spousal employment status lead to domestic violence? Insights from a prospective study in Bangalore, India. Social Science and Medicine, 70(1), 136-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.026
Mahapatro, S.R. (2018). Impact of Labour Migration on Socioeconomic Position of Left-Behind Women in Bihar. Ind. J. Labour Econ. 61, 701–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-019-00156-x
Malhotra, A., S.R. Schuler, and C. Boender (2002). Measuring Women’s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development. World Bank Gender and Development Group and the Social Development Group: June 28, 2002.
Raj et al. (2018). Longitudinal analysis of the impact of economic empowerment on risk for intimate partner violence among married women in rural Maharashtra, India. . Social Science and Medicine, 196, 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.042
Saftlas et al. (2014). Motivational interviewing and intimate partner violence: a randomized trial. Annals of Epidemiology, 24(2), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.10.006
Schafer, R. (2000). Men’s migrant labour and its effects on gender relations in rural Zimbabwe. In J. Knorr & B. Meier (Eds), Women and migration: Anthropological perspectives (pp. 151–180). New York, St. Martin’s Press.
Shakya et al. (2017). Longitudinal associations of intimate partner violence attitudes and perpetration: Dyadic couples data from a randomized controlled trial in rural India. Social Science & Medicine, 179, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.032
Authors
[1]
“The Rural-Urban Gap in Domestic Violence and Women’s Economic Empowerment”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 8, no. 03, pp. 34755–34758, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.18535/sshj.v8i03.994.
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