Self-Control and Self-Regulation as Determinants of the Quality of Pupils Functioning In the School Environment
Abstract
Background. The content of this article focuses on the issue of self-regulation of middle school students, showing its significance in adolescence, according to the Theory of Self-Regulation by Deci, the concept of Baumeister’s self-regulation and the Helping Relationship Theory by Lawrence M. Brammer. Extensive research has been conducted on middle school students to establish the relationship between the level of selected aspects of self-regulation and the quality of functioning in the school environment from their own perspective. Theoretical viewpoint is the basis of the empirical part of this article.
Aims. It was assumed that there is a correlation between the level of self-regulation of students and the quality of their functioning in the school environment.
Method. Two questionnaires were used to measure the aspects of self-regulation: the first being the Learning Regulation Questionnaire (Deci, Williams, 1996) and the second being KBPK – Questionnaire for Locus of Control Study (QLCS) by G. Krasowicz and A. Kurzyp-Wojnarowska, 1990). The F/D-U survey (Gaś, 2004) was used to measure the aspects of the basic conditions in the process of supporting a child on the way to becoming mature.
Results and conclusion. The research analysis and conclusions constitute the practical implication in the field of the quality of the pupils' functioning in the school environment. The results can help to create an effective preventive and educational impact in the school environment.
References
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3. Baumeister, R. F., Leith, K. P., Muraven, M., & Bratslavsky, E. (1998). Self-regulation as a key to success in life. In D. Pushkar, W. M. Bukowski, A. E. Schwartzman, D. M. Stack & D. R. White (Eds.), Improving competence across the lifespan: Building interventions based on theory and research. New York: Plenum Press.
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7. Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., Senecal, C., & Valliéres, E. F. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 1003-1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004025
8. Blair, C., & Diamond, A. (2008). Biological Processes in Prevention and Intervention: The Promotion of Self-Regulation as a Means of Preventing School Failure. Development and Psychopathology 20, 899–911. http://doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000436
9. Blair, C., & Razza, R.P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten, Child Development 78(2), 647-63.
10. Brammer, L. (1984). Kontakty służące pomaganiu. Warszawa: Studium Pomocy Psychologicznej PTP.
11. Carver, C.S. (2004). Self-regulation of action and affect In R.F. Baumeister & K.D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation. New York: Guilford Press.
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13. Cleary T.J., & Zimmerman B. J., (2004). Self-regulation empowerment program: A school-based program to enhance self-regulated and self-motivated cycles of student learning, Psychology in the Schools, 41(5), 537–550. https://doi.10.1002/pits.10177
14. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Publishing Co.
15. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-Determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development and Health. Canadian Psychology, 49, 182-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
16. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). What is the self in self-directed learning? In G. A. Straka (Eds.), What is the self in self-directed learning? Muenster: Waxmann.
17. Deci, E. L., Connell, J. P., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Self-determination in a work organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 580-590.
18. Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., & Williams, G. C. (1996). Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 8, 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1041-6080(96)90013-8
19. Denham, S. A. (2006). Social-emotional competence as support for school readiness: What is it and how do we assess it? Early Education and Development, 17(1), 57–89. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1701_4
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21. Effeney, G., Carroll, A., & Bahr, N. (2013). Self-Regulated Learning: Key Strategies and Their Sources in a Sample of Adolescent Males. Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology, 13, 58-74. http://doi: 10.1155/2012/741713.
22. Gaś, Zb. B. (2000). Psychoprofilaktyka: Procedury konstruowania programów wczesnej interwencji, Lublin: UMCS.
23. Gaś Zb. B. (2004). Szkolny Program Profilaktyki: istota, konstruowanie, ewaluacja, Warszawa: MENiS.
24. Gaś Z. B. (2006). Profilaktyka w szkole, Warszawa: WSiP.
25. Grolnick W. S., & Ryan R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school, Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(2), p. 143-154 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.2.143
26. Jaros K., & Oszwa U. (2014). Umiejscowienie poczucia kontroli u dziewcząt z syndromem gotowości anorektycznej, Psychiatria Polska, 48(3), 441-451
27. Kanfer, F. H. (1970). Self-regulation: Research, issues, and speculations. In C. Neuringer, J. L. Michael (Eds.), Behavior modification in clinical psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
28. Kobylarczyk M., & Ogińska-Bulik N. (2015). Locus of control and personal growth in adolescents who have experienced negative life event – the mediating role of resiliency. Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii, 25, 68-75
29. Koestner, R., Ryan, R. M., Bernieri, F., & Holt, K. (1984). Setting limits on children's behavior: The differential effects of controlling versus informational styles on children's intrinsic motivation and creativity. Journal of Personality, 54, 233-248.
30. Koestner, R., Bernieri, F., & Zuckerman, M. (1992). Self-regulation and consistency between attitudes, traits, and behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 52-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167292181008
31. Krasowicz, G., & Kurzyp-Wojnarska, A. (1990). Kwestionariusz do Badania Poczucia Kontroli (KBPK), Warszawa: PTP.
32. Kuchcińska M. (1997). Od edukacji dyrektywnej do emancypacyjnej. Dylematy w edukacji za pośrednictwem zadań. Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej.
33. Kuhnle, C., Hofer, M., & Kilian, B. (2010). The relationship of value orientations, self-control, frequency of goal conflicts in school and leisure, and life-balance in adolescence. Learning and Individual Differences, 20, 251–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.06.017
34. Lombaerts K., De Backer F., Engels N., van Braak J., & Athanasou J. (2009). Development of the Self-Regulated Learning Teacher Belief Scale, European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24(1), 79-96. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/10431
35. Luszczynska A., (2004). Zmiana zachowań zdrowotnych-dlaczego dobre chęci nie wystarczają? Gdańsk: GWP
36. Mantur, J. (red.) (2012). Styl życia młodzieży Białegostoku. Raport. Białystok: CKU
37. McKown, C., Gumbiner, L. M., Russo, N. M., & Lipton, M. (2009). Social-emotional learning skill, self-regulation, and social competence in typically developing and clinic-referred children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(6), 858–871. http://doi: 10.1080/15374410903258934
38. Mischel, W., & Ayduk, O. (2002). Self-regulation in a cognitive-affective personality system: Attentional control in the service of the self. Self and Identity, 1, 113–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/152988602317319285
39. Netfield, J.L., Shores, L.R., & Hoffmann K.F. (2014). Self-Regulation and gender within a game-based learning environment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(4), 961-973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037116
40. Oertig, D., Schüler, J., Schnelle, J., Brandstätter, V., Roskes, M., & Elliot, A. J. (2013). Avoidance goal pursuit depletes self-regulatory resources. Journal of Personality 81, 365–375. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12019
41. Perels, F., Dignath, C., & Schmitz, B. (2009). Is it possible to improve mathematical achievement by means of self-regulation strategies? Evaluation of an intervention in regular math classes. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173472
42. Richards, J., Gross, J. (2000). Emotional regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 410-424. http://doi 1O.1037/70O22-3514.79.3.410
43. Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti, D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and methods. New York: Wiley.
44. Ryan R., M., & Deci E. L., (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will? Journal of Personality 74(6), 1562, 1557-1586. http://doi 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00420.x
45. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self-determination approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology, 49, 186-193. http://doi 10.1037/a0012753
46. Schmeichel B. J., & Baumeister R. F. (2010). Effortful attention control, in: B. Bruya (ed.), Effortless Attention: A new Perspective in the Cognitive Science of Attention and Action. Cambridge: MIT Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262013840.003.0002
47. Shapiro, E. S. (2000). School psychology from an instructional perspective: Solving big, not little problems. School Psychology Review, 29(4), 560-572.
48. Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Kasse T., (1995). The independent effects of goal contents and motives on well-being: it's both what you pursue and why you pursue it. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30(4), 475-486. http://doi 10.1177/0146167203261883
49. Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2000). From neurons to neighbourhoods: The science of early childhood. Washington: National Academy Press.
50. Schunk, D. H. (2005). Self-regulated learning: The educational legacy of Paul R. Pintrich. Educational Psychologist, 40, 85-94. http://doi=10.1.1.457.5382&rep=rep1&type=pdf
51. Strzelecki W., Cybulski M., & Strzelecka M., The role of locus of control in shaping selected health behaviours in adolescents. Nowiny Lekarskie 2009, 78, 1, 18–22
52. Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
53. Trentacosta, C. J., & Shaw, D. S. (2009). Emotional self-regulation, peer rejection, and antisocial behavior: Developmental associations from early childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 356-65. https://DOI:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.016
54. Vohs, K.D., & Baumeister, R.F. (2004). Understanding self-regulation: An introduction. In R.F. Baumeister, K.D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation. New York: Guilford Press.
55. Williams, & G. C., Deci, E. L. (1996). Internalization of Biopsychosocial Values by Medical Students: A test of Self-Determination Theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(4), 767-779.
56. Zimmerman B. J., (2002). Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: An Overview, Journal Theory Into Practice, 41, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
2. Azlina, M. (2007). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement in Malaysian undergraduates. International Education Journal, 8 (1), 221-228.
3. Baumeister, R. F., Leith, K. P., Muraven, M., & Bratslavsky, E. (1998). Self-regulation as a key to success in life. In D. Pushkar, W. M. Bukowski, A. E. Schwartzman, D. M. Stack & D. R. White (Eds.), Improving competence across the lifespan: Building interventions based on theory and research. New York: Plenum Press.
4. Baumeister, R.F., & Vohs, K.D. (2004). Handbook of self-regulation. New York: Guilford Press.
5. Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351–355.
6. Benware, C. & Deci, E. L. (1984). Quality of learning with an active versus passive motivational set. American Educational Research Journal, 21, 755–765.
7. Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., Senecal, C., & Valliéres, E. F. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 1003-1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004025
8. Blair, C., & Diamond, A. (2008). Biological Processes in Prevention and Intervention: The Promotion of Self-Regulation as a Means of Preventing School Failure. Development and Psychopathology 20, 899–911. http://doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000436
9. Blair, C., & Razza, R.P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten, Child Development 78(2), 647-63.
10. Brammer, L. (1984). Kontakty służące pomaganiu. Warszawa: Studium Pomocy Psychologicznej PTP.
11. Carver, C.S. (2004). Self-regulation of action and affect In R.F. Baumeister & K.D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation. New York: Guilford Press.
12. Cheng, E. (2011). The Role of Self-regulated Learning in Enhancing Learning. The International Journal of Research and Review, 6 (1), 1-16.
13. Cleary T.J., & Zimmerman B. J., (2004). Self-regulation empowerment program: A school-based program to enhance self-regulated and self-motivated cycles of student learning, Psychology in the Schools, 41(5), 537–550. https://doi.10.1002/pits.10177
14. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Publishing Co.
15. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-Determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development and Health. Canadian Psychology, 49, 182-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
16. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). What is the self in self-directed learning? In G. A. Straka (Eds.), What is the self in self-directed learning? Muenster: Waxmann.
17. Deci, E. L., Connell, J. P., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Self-determination in a work organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 580-590.
18. Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., & Williams, G. C. (1996). Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 8, 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1041-6080(96)90013-8
19. Denham, S. A. (2006). Social-emotional competence as support for school readiness: What is it and how do we assess it? Early Education and Development, 17(1), 57–89. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1701_4
20. Dignath-van Ewijk, C. & van der Werf, G. (2012). What Teachers Think about Self-Regulated Learning: Investigating Teacher Beliefs and Teacher Behavior of Enhancing Students' Self-Regulation. Education Research International. 10 p., 741713 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/741713
21. Effeney, G., Carroll, A., & Bahr, N. (2013). Self-Regulated Learning: Key Strategies and Their Sources in a Sample of Adolescent Males. Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology, 13, 58-74. http://doi: 10.1155/2012/741713.
22. Gaś, Zb. B. (2000). Psychoprofilaktyka: Procedury konstruowania programów wczesnej interwencji, Lublin: UMCS.
23. Gaś Zb. B. (2004). Szkolny Program Profilaktyki: istota, konstruowanie, ewaluacja, Warszawa: MENiS.
24. Gaś Z. B. (2006). Profilaktyka w szkole, Warszawa: WSiP.
25. Grolnick W. S., & Ryan R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school, Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(2), p. 143-154 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.2.143
26. Jaros K., & Oszwa U. (2014). Umiejscowienie poczucia kontroli u dziewcząt z syndromem gotowości anorektycznej, Psychiatria Polska, 48(3), 441-451
27. Kanfer, F. H. (1970). Self-regulation: Research, issues, and speculations. In C. Neuringer, J. L. Michael (Eds.), Behavior modification in clinical psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
28. Kobylarczyk M., & Ogińska-Bulik N. (2015). Locus of control and personal growth in adolescents who have experienced negative life event – the mediating role of resiliency. Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii, 25, 68-75
29. Koestner, R., Ryan, R. M., Bernieri, F., & Holt, K. (1984). Setting limits on children's behavior: The differential effects of controlling versus informational styles on children's intrinsic motivation and creativity. Journal of Personality, 54, 233-248.
30. Koestner, R., Bernieri, F., & Zuckerman, M. (1992). Self-regulation and consistency between attitudes, traits, and behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 52-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167292181008
31. Krasowicz, G., & Kurzyp-Wojnarska, A. (1990). Kwestionariusz do Badania Poczucia Kontroli (KBPK), Warszawa: PTP.
32. Kuchcińska M. (1997). Od edukacji dyrektywnej do emancypacyjnej. Dylematy w edukacji za pośrednictwem zadań. Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej.
33. Kuhnle, C., Hofer, M., & Kilian, B. (2010). The relationship of value orientations, self-control, frequency of goal conflicts in school and leisure, and life-balance in adolescence. Learning and Individual Differences, 20, 251–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.06.017
34. Lombaerts K., De Backer F., Engels N., van Braak J., & Athanasou J. (2009). Development of the Self-Regulated Learning Teacher Belief Scale, European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24(1), 79-96. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/10431
35. Luszczynska A., (2004). Zmiana zachowań zdrowotnych-dlaczego dobre chęci nie wystarczają? Gdańsk: GWP
36. Mantur, J. (red.) (2012). Styl życia młodzieży Białegostoku. Raport. Białystok: CKU
37. McKown, C., Gumbiner, L. M., Russo, N. M., & Lipton, M. (2009). Social-emotional learning skill, self-regulation, and social competence in typically developing and clinic-referred children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(6), 858–871. http://doi: 10.1080/15374410903258934
38. Mischel, W., & Ayduk, O. (2002). Self-regulation in a cognitive-affective personality system: Attentional control in the service of the self. Self and Identity, 1, 113–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/152988602317319285
39. Netfield, J.L., Shores, L.R., & Hoffmann K.F. (2014). Self-Regulation and gender within a game-based learning environment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(4), 961-973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037116
40. Oertig, D., Schüler, J., Schnelle, J., Brandstätter, V., Roskes, M., & Elliot, A. J. (2013). Avoidance goal pursuit depletes self-regulatory resources. Journal of Personality 81, 365–375. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12019
41. Perels, F., Dignath, C., & Schmitz, B. (2009). Is it possible to improve mathematical achievement by means of self-regulation strategies? Evaluation of an intervention in regular math classes. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173472
42. Richards, J., Gross, J. (2000). Emotional regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 410-424. http://doi 1O.1037/70O22-3514.79.3.410
43. Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti, D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and methods. New York: Wiley.
44. Ryan R., M., & Deci E. L., (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will? Journal of Personality 74(6), 1562, 1557-1586. http://doi 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00420.x
45. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self-determination approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology, 49, 186-193. http://doi 10.1037/a0012753
46. Schmeichel B. J., & Baumeister R. F. (2010). Effortful attention control, in: B. Bruya (ed.), Effortless Attention: A new Perspective in the Cognitive Science of Attention and Action. Cambridge: MIT Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262013840.003.0002
47. Shapiro, E. S. (2000). School psychology from an instructional perspective: Solving big, not little problems. School Psychology Review, 29(4), 560-572.
48. Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Kasse T., (1995). The independent effects of goal contents and motives on well-being: it's both what you pursue and why you pursue it. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30(4), 475-486. http://doi 10.1177/0146167203261883
49. Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2000). From neurons to neighbourhoods: The science of early childhood. Washington: National Academy Press.
50. Schunk, D. H. (2005). Self-regulated learning: The educational legacy of Paul R. Pintrich. Educational Psychologist, 40, 85-94. http://doi=10.1.1.457.5382&rep=rep1&type=pdf
51. Strzelecki W., Cybulski M., & Strzelecka M., The role of locus of control in shaping selected health behaviours in adolescents. Nowiny Lekarskie 2009, 78, 1, 18–22
52. Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
53. Trentacosta, C. J., & Shaw, D. S. (2009). Emotional self-regulation, peer rejection, and antisocial behavior: Developmental associations from early childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 356-65. https://DOI:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.016
54. Vohs, K.D., & Baumeister, R.F. (2004). Understanding self-regulation: An introduction. In R.F. Baumeister, K.D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation. New York: Guilford Press.
55. Williams, & G. C., Deci, E. L. (1996). Internalization of Biopsychosocial Values by Medical Students: A test of Self-Determination Theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(4), 767-779.
56. Zimmerman B. J., (2002). Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: An Overview, Journal Theory Into Practice, 41, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
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“Self-Control and Self-Regulation as Determinants of the Quality of Pupils Functioning In the School Environment”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 2, no. 03, pp. 395–412, Mar. 2018, Accessed: Nov. 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://sshjournal.com/index.php/sshj/article/view/123
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