Funding Patterns for Non-Governmental Organizations’ Services Delivery: A Case of Moshi Municipality in Tanzania
Abstract
Access to funds by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) continues to be a major problem for many NGOs in Tanzania. The study from which this paper is based examined the sources of funds for NGOs, analyzed trends of fund for NGOs and challenges and opportunities related to funding for NGOs. Cross-sectional study design was adopted whereby 348 respondents were interviewed. Descriptive statistical data analysis was done with the aid of IBM SPSS Version 20 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic content analysis with constant comparison techniques. The study found that international donations, grants and in-kind donations were the most common sources of funds for NGOs. Funding trends were deteriorating in all NGOs amidst several opportunities for NGOs to access fund. Irregular patterns and delays of fund disbursement affected NGOs services delivery. The study recommends to NGOs to diversify their source of fund by focusing on internal sources of funds and to diversify their service delivery activities though incorporating income generating activities. The local government authorities should create an enabling legal and policy framework environment to enable NGOs to venture into both businesses focused service delivery alongside traditional focus on charity service provision models.
References
1. Atkinson, A. B., Backus, P. G., Micklewright, J., Pharoah, C. and Schnepf, S. V. (2012). Charitable Giving for Oversees Development: UK Trends over a Quarterly Century. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 17(5): 167 - 190.
2. Barr, A., Fafchamps, M. and Owens, T. (2003). Non-Governmental Organizations in Uganda: CSAE, Oxford University, Oxford. 38pp.
3. Batti, R.C. (2014). Challenges facing local NGOs in resource mobilization: Science Publishing Group. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2(3): 57 - 64.
4. Besel, K., Charlotte, L. W., and Klak, J. (2011). Non-profit Sustainability during Times of Uncertainty: Journal of Non-profit Management and Leadership 22(1): 53-65.
5. Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology; Qualitative Research in Psychology: Journal of Qualitative Research and Psychology 3 (2):77 - 101.
6. Dhakal, T. N (2002). The Role of NGO in the Improvement of Livelihood in Nepal: Dissertation for Award of the Award of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Tampere, Finland, 258pp.
7. Gakuu, K. J. and Kirimi, K. J. (2014).Assessment of Factors Influencing Financial Sustainability of Non-Governmental Organizations: A case study of Isiolo County, Kenya. Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management 2(9): 1 - 14.
8. Guthrie, J. T. and Wigfield, A. (1997). Relations of Children's Motivation for Reading to the Amount and Breadth of Their Reading: Journal of Educational Psychology 89(3): 420 - 432.
9. Halley, J. (2014). Models of INGO Sustainability; balancing restricted and unrestricted funding: The International NGO Training and Research Centre. Oxbridge, UK.12pp.
10. Haore, J. (2009). Development and gender in Kyrgyzstan: Social Research Center research report at American University of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. 15pp.
11. Hendrickse, F. R. (2008). Governance and Financial Sustainability of NGOs in South Africa: Dissertation for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree at the University of Western Cape: South Africa, 326pp.
12. Howell, J. (2002). In their Own Image: Donor Assistance to Civil Society. Journal of Development Studies 1(1): 117 - 130.
13. Hudock, A. C. (1995). Sustaining Southern NGOs in Resource Dependent Environments: Journal of International Development 7(4): 653 - 667.
14. Independent Commission against Corruption (2012). Funding NGO in delivery of human services in NSW: A period of transition: Position Paper. Sydney, Australia. 26pp.
15. International NGO Training and Research Centre (2000). NGOs and the Private Sector: NGO policy briefing paper for the NGO Sector Analysis Programmed, UK. 4pp.
16. Jailobaeva, K. (2014). All the Truth about NGO Funding in Kyrgyzstan: Numbers and Facts. PhD Candidate, School of Social and Political Studies, University of Edinburgh Visiting Research Fellow, Social Research Center, American University of Central Asia Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. 6pp.
17. Jailobaeva, K. B. (2014). A new look: professionalisation of NGOs in Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Central Asian Survey 33(3): 360-374.
18. Kang’ete, S.M. and Manomano, T. (2014).Exploring the Challenges Threatening the Survival of NGOs in Selected African Countries: Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5(27): 1 - 6.
19. Kendall, J. (2003). The Voluntary Sector: Comparative Perspectives in the UK, Routledge, London. 121pp.
20. Kimani, R. N. (2014). The Effect of Budgetary Control on Effectiveness of Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya: Dissertation for the Award of Master of Science Finance Degree at the, University of Nairobi: Kenya, 70pp.
21. Lembani, M. (2013). Analysis of the effectiveness of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in HIV and AIDS Service Delivery: The case of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) programmer in Malawi. Dissertation for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in International Development Studies at the Ruhr University, Bochum: Germany, 258pp.
22. Lu, Y. (2007). NGOs in China: Development Dynamics and Challenges. Discussion Paper 18, China Policy Institute, the University of Nottingham, UK. 17pp.
23. Lu, Y. (2010). NGOs in China: Developments in the Non-Governmental, non-profit, charitable sector in China [http://ngochina.blogspot.com/2010/05/why-chill-in-air-for-ngos.html] site visited on 13/9/2016.
24. Malunga, C., Banda, C. (2004). Understanding Organizational Sustainability through African Proverbs: Pact Publications: Washington, DC. 21pp.
25. Marschall, M. (2002). Legitimacy and Effectiveness: Civil Society Organizations' Role in Good Governance. Poverty Reduction Strategies Forum, Baden, Austria [https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/176/31396.html] site visited on 27/6/2016.
26. Martinussen, D. J., Pedersen, E. P. (2005). Understanding International Development Cooperation: University of Chicago Press Books, Chicago, USA. 368pp.
27. Minde, J. J. (2015). Analysis of Gender Roles within Chagga Households that Practice Ripe Banana Street Selling in Moshi Rural: Tanzania. Journal of Developing Country Studies 5(8): 1 - 9.
28. Mittal, V. and Kamakura, W. A. (2001). Satisfaction, Repurchase Intent, and Repurchase Behavior: Investigating the Moderating Effect of Customer Characteristics. Journal of Marketing Research 38(2): 131 - 142.
29. Mugenda, O. M. And Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Second Revised Edition, Act press: Oxford, UK. 84pp.
30. Muriithi, C. W. (2014). Factors That Determine Sustainability of Non Profit Organizations in Kenya: Dissertation for the Award of MA Degree in Business Administration at the United States International University: Kenya, 76pp.
31. Nelson, J. (2007). The Operation of Non-Governmental Organizations in a World of Corporate and other codes of Conduct: Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative, Working Paper No 34, Cambridge MA: John F Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. 37pp.
32. Njoroge, G. B. (2013). an investigation on the Factors Influencing Sustainability of NGOs in Kenya: Dissertation for the Award of Master of Science in Finance Degree at the University of Nairobi: Kenya, 70pp.
33. Olomi, D. (2003). Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development: A Tanzanian Perspective. Unpublished Manual, UDSM Entrepreneurship Centre (UDEC), University of Dar es Salaam. 120pp.
34. Oversees Development Institute (2003). Humanitarian NGOs: challenges and trends. Humanitarian Policy Group, Abby Stoddard Center on International Cooperation New York University, London, UK. 4pp.
35. Owens, T., Burger, R. (2007). Receive Grants or Perish? The Survival prospects of African NGOs. CREDIT Research Paper, Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, University of Nottingham, England. 34pp.
36. Pearce, J. (2000). Development, NGOs and Civil Society. Oxfam GB, England. 212pp.
37. Pfeffer, J and Salancik, G. (2003).The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. Stanford University Press, UK. 336pp.
38. Pitija, S. (2010). Evaluation of EEA and Norway Grants-NGO Funds: Main Report for the Financial Mechanism Office, Norway. 228pp.
39. Roy, O. (2002). Soviet Legacies and Western Aid Imperatives in the New Central Asia, in A. Sajoo (eds), Civil Society in the Muslim World: Contemporary Perspectives. London: I.B. Tauris. 148pp.
40. Sergeant, A. (2013). Donor Retention: What Do We Know & What Can We Do about It? Non-profit Quarterly, Innovative Thinking for Non-profit Sector [https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2013/08/15/donor-retention-what-do-we-know-what-can-we-do-about-it/] site visited on 20/9/2016.
41. Sergeant, A. and Jay, E. (2004). Fundraising Management: Analysis, Planning and Practice Rout ledge, London. UK. 78pp.
42. Sergeant, A. and Woodliffe, L. (2006). Building Donor Loyalty: The Antecedents and Role of Commitment in the Context of Charity Giving: the Antecedents of Donor Commitment to UK Voluntary Organizations. Journal of Non-profit& Public Sector Marketing 18(2): 1 - 33.
43. Sherer, P. D., Lee, K. (2002). Institutional Change in Large Law Firms: A Resource Dependency and Institutional Perspective. Journal of the Academy of Management 45(1): 102 - 119.
44. Shivji, I. (2007). Silences in NGO Discourse: The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa. Fahamu, Dar es Salaam 250pp.
45. Tagseth, M. (2008). Studies of the waterscape of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Water management in hill furrow irrigation. Dissertation for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology: Trondheim, Norway, 289pp.
46. Tanzania Council for Social Development (2011). Annual Implementation Report: Social Accountability Monitoring Project Conducted at Lindi District Council: Primary Education Sector [http://www.policyforum-tz.org/sites/default/files/SAMLindiReport.pdf] site visited on 20/9/2016.
47. Thermudo, S. N. (2004). Managing the Paradox: NGOs, Resource Dependence and Organizational Independence: Case studies from Mexico and Portugal. Dissertation for Award of Degree of PhD in Social Policy and Administration at the University of London: UK, 327pp.
48. Todaro, M.P., Smith, S. C. (2006). Economic Development: 9th Edition. Pearson Education Limited, USA. 784pp.
49. Valentinov, V. (2008). The economics of non-profit Organizations: in search of an integrative theory. Journal of economics 42(3): 745 - 761.
50. Verduzco (2003). The role of NGOs and NGO networks in meeting the needs of US colonias: Journal of Community Development. 39(4): 1 - 32.
51. Wei-Skillern, J. (2013). Four Network Principles for Collaboration Success: University of California at Berkeley and Stanford Graduate School of Business. Journal of the Foundation Review 5(1): 1 - 10.
52. Yunus, M. (2008). Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism: Journal of Global Urban Development 4(2): 1 - 19.
2. Barr, A., Fafchamps, M. and Owens, T. (2003). Non-Governmental Organizations in Uganda: CSAE, Oxford University, Oxford. 38pp.
3. Batti, R.C. (2014). Challenges facing local NGOs in resource mobilization: Science Publishing Group. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2(3): 57 - 64.
4. Besel, K., Charlotte, L. W., and Klak, J. (2011). Non-profit Sustainability during Times of Uncertainty: Journal of Non-profit Management and Leadership 22(1): 53-65.
5. Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology; Qualitative Research in Psychology: Journal of Qualitative Research and Psychology 3 (2):77 - 101.
6. Dhakal, T. N (2002). The Role of NGO in the Improvement of Livelihood in Nepal: Dissertation for Award of the Award of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Tampere, Finland, 258pp.
7. Gakuu, K. J. and Kirimi, K. J. (2014).Assessment of Factors Influencing Financial Sustainability of Non-Governmental Organizations: A case study of Isiolo County, Kenya. Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management 2(9): 1 - 14.
8. Guthrie, J. T. and Wigfield, A. (1997). Relations of Children's Motivation for Reading to the Amount and Breadth of Their Reading: Journal of Educational Psychology 89(3): 420 - 432.
9. Halley, J. (2014). Models of INGO Sustainability; balancing restricted and unrestricted funding: The International NGO Training and Research Centre. Oxbridge, UK.12pp.
10. Haore, J. (2009). Development and gender in Kyrgyzstan: Social Research Center research report at American University of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. 15pp.
11. Hendrickse, F. R. (2008). Governance and Financial Sustainability of NGOs in South Africa: Dissertation for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree at the University of Western Cape: South Africa, 326pp.
12. Howell, J. (2002). In their Own Image: Donor Assistance to Civil Society. Journal of Development Studies 1(1): 117 - 130.
13. Hudock, A. C. (1995). Sustaining Southern NGOs in Resource Dependent Environments: Journal of International Development 7(4): 653 - 667.
14. Independent Commission against Corruption (2012). Funding NGO in delivery of human services in NSW: A period of transition: Position Paper. Sydney, Australia. 26pp.
15. International NGO Training and Research Centre (2000). NGOs and the Private Sector: NGO policy briefing paper for the NGO Sector Analysis Programmed, UK. 4pp.
16. Jailobaeva, K. (2014). All the Truth about NGO Funding in Kyrgyzstan: Numbers and Facts. PhD Candidate, School of Social and Political Studies, University of Edinburgh Visiting Research Fellow, Social Research Center, American University of Central Asia Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. 6pp.
17. Jailobaeva, K. B. (2014). A new look: professionalisation of NGOs in Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Central Asian Survey 33(3): 360-374.
18. Kang’ete, S.M. and Manomano, T. (2014).Exploring the Challenges Threatening the Survival of NGOs in Selected African Countries: Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5(27): 1 - 6.
19. Kendall, J. (2003). The Voluntary Sector: Comparative Perspectives in the UK, Routledge, London. 121pp.
20. Kimani, R. N. (2014). The Effect of Budgetary Control on Effectiveness of Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya: Dissertation for the Award of Master of Science Finance Degree at the, University of Nairobi: Kenya, 70pp.
21. Lembani, M. (2013). Analysis of the effectiveness of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in HIV and AIDS Service Delivery: The case of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) programmer in Malawi. Dissertation for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in International Development Studies at the Ruhr University, Bochum: Germany, 258pp.
22. Lu, Y. (2007). NGOs in China: Development Dynamics and Challenges. Discussion Paper 18, China Policy Institute, the University of Nottingham, UK. 17pp.
23. Lu, Y. (2010). NGOs in China: Developments in the Non-Governmental, non-profit, charitable sector in China [http://ngochina.blogspot.com/2010/05/why-chill-in-air-for-ngos.html] site visited on 13/9/2016.
24. Malunga, C., Banda, C. (2004). Understanding Organizational Sustainability through African Proverbs: Pact Publications: Washington, DC. 21pp.
25. Marschall, M. (2002). Legitimacy and Effectiveness: Civil Society Organizations' Role in Good Governance. Poverty Reduction Strategies Forum, Baden, Austria [https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/176/31396.html] site visited on 27/6/2016.
26. Martinussen, D. J., Pedersen, E. P. (2005). Understanding International Development Cooperation: University of Chicago Press Books, Chicago, USA. 368pp.
27. Minde, J. J. (2015). Analysis of Gender Roles within Chagga Households that Practice Ripe Banana Street Selling in Moshi Rural: Tanzania. Journal of Developing Country Studies 5(8): 1 - 9.
28. Mittal, V. and Kamakura, W. A. (2001). Satisfaction, Repurchase Intent, and Repurchase Behavior: Investigating the Moderating Effect of Customer Characteristics. Journal of Marketing Research 38(2): 131 - 142.
29. Mugenda, O. M. And Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Second Revised Edition, Act press: Oxford, UK. 84pp.
30. Muriithi, C. W. (2014). Factors That Determine Sustainability of Non Profit Organizations in Kenya: Dissertation for the Award of MA Degree in Business Administration at the United States International University: Kenya, 76pp.
31. Nelson, J. (2007). The Operation of Non-Governmental Organizations in a World of Corporate and other codes of Conduct: Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative, Working Paper No 34, Cambridge MA: John F Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. 37pp.
32. Njoroge, G. B. (2013). an investigation on the Factors Influencing Sustainability of NGOs in Kenya: Dissertation for the Award of Master of Science in Finance Degree at the University of Nairobi: Kenya, 70pp.
33. Olomi, D. (2003). Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development: A Tanzanian Perspective. Unpublished Manual, UDSM Entrepreneurship Centre (UDEC), University of Dar es Salaam. 120pp.
34. Oversees Development Institute (2003). Humanitarian NGOs: challenges and trends. Humanitarian Policy Group, Abby Stoddard Center on International Cooperation New York University, London, UK. 4pp.
35. Owens, T., Burger, R. (2007). Receive Grants or Perish? The Survival prospects of African NGOs. CREDIT Research Paper, Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, University of Nottingham, England. 34pp.
36. Pearce, J. (2000). Development, NGOs and Civil Society. Oxfam GB, England. 212pp.
37. Pfeffer, J and Salancik, G. (2003).The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. Stanford University Press, UK. 336pp.
38. Pitija, S. (2010). Evaluation of EEA and Norway Grants-NGO Funds: Main Report for the Financial Mechanism Office, Norway. 228pp.
39. Roy, O. (2002). Soviet Legacies and Western Aid Imperatives in the New Central Asia, in A. Sajoo (eds), Civil Society in the Muslim World: Contemporary Perspectives. London: I.B. Tauris. 148pp.
40. Sergeant, A. (2013). Donor Retention: What Do We Know & What Can We Do about It? Non-profit Quarterly, Innovative Thinking for Non-profit Sector [https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2013/08/15/donor-retention-what-do-we-know-what-can-we-do-about-it/] site visited on 20/9/2016.
41. Sergeant, A. and Jay, E. (2004). Fundraising Management: Analysis, Planning and Practice Rout ledge, London. UK. 78pp.
42. Sergeant, A. and Woodliffe, L. (2006). Building Donor Loyalty: The Antecedents and Role of Commitment in the Context of Charity Giving: the Antecedents of Donor Commitment to UK Voluntary Organizations. Journal of Non-profit& Public Sector Marketing 18(2): 1 - 33.
43. Sherer, P. D., Lee, K. (2002). Institutional Change in Large Law Firms: A Resource Dependency and Institutional Perspective. Journal of the Academy of Management 45(1): 102 - 119.
44. Shivji, I. (2007). Silences in NGO Discourse: The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa. Fahamu, Dar es Salaam 250pp.
45. Tagseth, M. (2008). Studies of the waterscape of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Water management in hill furrow irrigation. Dissertation for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology: Trondheim, Norway, 289pp.
46. Tanzania Council for Social Development (2011). Annual Implementation Report: Social Accountability Monitoring Project Conducted at Lindi District Council: Primary Education Sector [http://www.policyforum-tz.org/sites/default/files/SAMLindiReport.pdf] site visited on 20/9/2016.
47. Thermudo, S. N. (2004). Managing the Paradox: NGOs, Resource Dependence and Organizational Independence: Case studies from Mexico and Portugal. Dissertation for Award of Degree of PhD in Social Policy and Administration at the University of London: UK, 327pp.
48. Todaro, M.P., Smith, S. C. (2006). Economic Development: 9th Edition. Pearson Education Limited, USA. 784pp.
49. Valentinov, V. (2008). The economics of non-profit Organizations: in search of an integrative theory. Journal of economics 42(3): 745 - 761.
50. Verduzco (2003). The role of NGOs and NGO networks in meeting the needs of US colonias: Journal of Community Development. 39(4): 1 - 32.
51. Wei-Skillern, J. (2013). Four Network Principles for Collaboration Success: University of California at Berkeley and Stanford Graduate School of Business. Journal of the Foundation Review 5(1): 1 - 10.
52. Yunus, M. (2008). Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism: Journal of Global Urban Development 4(2): 1 - 19.
Authors
[1]
“Funding Patterns for Non-Governmental Organizations’ Services Delivery: A Case of Moshi Municipality in Tanzania”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 2, no. 06, pp. 529–543, Jun. 2018, Accessed: Nov. 13, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://sshjournal.com/index.php/sshj/article/view/168
Copyright and license info is not available