Overview of Psychological Trauma
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to provide a overview of different facets of psychological trauma. Psychological trauma otherwise known as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, has significant prevalence globally, affecting those who are involved and those around them. This paper is an attempt to provide comprehensive information of psychological trauma, its observation in history, its evolution in diagnostic criteria until the most recent version of DSM. Epidemiology of psychological trauma reveals that PTSD has considerable prevalence in the general population. Gender differences, trauma in children and adolescence, areas of trauma studies in Indian context, assessment tools for measuring PTSD, the biological basis for psychological trauma are also discussed along with the new but controversial field of transgenerational epigenetics. The paper also highlights different evidence-based therapies.
References
References
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2. Lancaster, C. L., Teeters, J. B., Gros, D. F., & Back, S. E. (2016). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Overview of Evidence-Based Assessment and Treatment. Journal of clinical medicine, 5(11), 105. doi:10.3390/jcm5110105.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383 (WHO)
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8. Pillai, Lalitha & G. Mehta, Sureshkumar & L. Chaudhari, Bhushan. (2016). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Indian Perspective. 10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_88.
9. Mushtaq, R., Shah, T., & Mushtaq, S. (2016). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children of Conflict Region of Kashmir (India): A Review. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 10(1), VE01-VE03.
10. Kumar, M. S., Murhekar, M. V., Hutin, Y., Subramanian, T., Ramachandran, V., & Gupte, M. D. (2007). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in a coastal fishing village in Tamil Nadu, India, after the December 2004 tsunami. American journal of public health, 97(1), 99-101.
11. Friedman, M.J., Charney, D.S. & Deutch, A.Y. (1995) Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to PTSD. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; Shiromani, P. J., Keane, T. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (Eds.). (2009). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic science and clinical practice. New York: Humana Press
12. Alexandra F. Trollope, Karen R. Mifsud, Emily A. Saunderson, and Johannes M. H. M. Reul, 2017, Molecular and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Cognitive and Adaptive Responses to Stress, - res.mdpi.com
13. Van der Kolk, 2009, Developmental trauma disorder: towards a rational diagnosis for chronically traumatized children (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19961123)
14. Lehrner.A and Yehuda.R, 2018, Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience, APA journal Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000302)
15. Pandey, Sonal. (2018). Trafficking of children for Sex Work in India: Prevalence, History, and Vulnerability Analysis. 21-43.
1. Breslau & Kessler, 2001; Laura K. Jones, Jenny L. Cureton, Trauma Redefined in the DSM-5: Rationale and Implications for Counseling Practice, The Professional Counselor Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 257–271 http://tpcjournal.nbcc.org© 2014 NBCC, Inc. and Affiliatesdoi:10.15241/lkj.4.3.257.
2. Lancaster, C. L., Teeters, J. B., Gros, D. F., & Back, S. E. (2016). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Overview of Evidence-Based Assessment and Treatment. Journal of clinical medicine, 5(11), 105. doi:10.3390/jcm5110105.
3. Ringel S. & Brandell J.R.,( 2011),Trauma: Contemporary directions in theory, practice, and research, SAGE, Pg 2
4. Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., . . . WHO World Mental Health Survey Collaborators. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(Suppl 5), 1353383.
5. Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Ruscio, A. M., Shahly, V., Stein, D. J., Petukhova, M., Hill, E., Alonso, J., Atwoli, L., Bunting, B., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Huang, Y., Lepine, J. P., Kawakami, N., Kovess-Masfety, V., Medina-Mora, M. E., Navarro-Mateu, F., Piazza, M., Posada-Villa, J., Scott, K. M., Shalev, A., Slade, T., ten Have, M., Torres, Y., Viana, M. C., Zarkov, Z., … Koenen, K. C. (2015). The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological medicine, 46(2), 327-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383 (WHO)
6. Matthew J. Friedman, MD, PhD ,PTSD History and Overview, PTSD: National Center for PTSD. www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/history_ptsd.asp
7. Pooley et al. Sex differences in the traumatic stressresponse: PTSD symptoms in womenrecapitulated in female rats, Biology of Sex Differences (2018) 9:31 ; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-018-0191-9)
8. Pillai, Lalitha & G. Mehta, Sureshkumar & L. Chaudhari, Bhushan. (2016). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Indian Perspective. 10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_88.
9. Mushtaq, R., Shah, T., & Mushtaq, S. (2016). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children of Conflict Region of Kashmir (India): A Review. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 10(1), VE01-VE03.
10. Kumar, M. S., Murhekar, M. V., Hutin, Y., Subramanian, T., Ramachandran, V., & Gupte, M. D. (2007). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in a coastal fishing village in Tamil Nadu, India, after the December 2004 tsunami. American journal of public health, 97(1), 99-101.
11. Friedman, M.J., Charney, D.S. & Deutch, A.Y. (1995) Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to PTSD. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; Shiromani, P. J., Keane, T. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (Eds.). (2009). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic science and clinical practice. New York: Humana Press
12. Alexandra F. Trollope, Karen R. Mifsud, Emily A. Saunderson, and Johannes M. H. M. Reul, 2017, Molecular and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Cognitive and Adaptive Responses to Stress, - res.mdpi.com
13. Van der Kolk, 2009, Developmental trauma disorder: towards a rational diagnosis for chronically traumatized children (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19961123)
14. Lehrner.A and Yehuda.R, 2018, Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience, APA journal Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000302)
15. Pandey, Sonal. (2018). Trafficking of children for Sex Work in India: Prevalence, History, and Vulnerability Analysis. 21-43.
Authors
[1]
“Overview of Psychological Trauma”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 4, no. 04, pp. 1844–1849, Apr. 2020, Accessed: May 13, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://sshjournal.com/index.php/sshj/article/view/544
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