Implementing Change in Adversity
Abstract
Implementing change in any organization can be a challenging experience for leaders (Higgins & Bourne, 2018; Covey, 1989; Armstrong, 1982; Kotter, & Schleisinger, 2008; Lawrence, 1969). People are usually wary of change and this is manifested in increased tension, resistance, anger and emotional stress because of the unknown that change bring (Lewin, 1952; Zand, & Sorensen, 1975). In fact, Lawrence (1969) postulated that one of the most concerning challenging business executives’ face is the reluctance of their employees to adapt to change in the work place. This can be seen in high resignation increases, frequent disagreements and low productivity.
References
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Ali Al-Zu’bi, H. (2011). Investigating the Relationship between Corporate Culture and
Organizational Change: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Emerging Trends in
Economics and Management Sciences, 2, 111-116.
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Retrieved from https://newleftreview.org/issues/I128/articles/fitzroy- ambursley-jamaica-the-demise-of-democratic-socialism.pdf.
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Awata, S., Seki, T., Koizumi, Y., Sato, S., Hozawa, A., Omori, K., Kuriyama, S., Arai, H.,
Nagatomi, R., Matsuoka, H., & Tsuji, I. (2005). Factors associated with suicidal ideation in
an elderly urban Japanese population: A community-based cross- sectional study.
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59,327-336.
Bacon, T. R. (2007). Driving cultural change through behavioral differentiation at
Westinghouse.Business Strategy Series, 8 (5), 350-357.
Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). The bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research and
managerial applications (4th ed..) Free Press: New York. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Kovacs, M., & Garrison, B. (1985). Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of
patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 559-563. Biography.com.(2014). Usain Bolt Biography. Retrieved from
https://www.biography.com/athlete/usain-bolt.
Boin, A. (2004). Lessons from crisis research. International Studies Review, 6(1): 165– 194. Boin, A. (2009). The new world of crises and crisis management: Implications for policymaking
andresearch.Review of Policy research, 26(4): 367-377.
Boohene, R., & Williams, A. A. (2012). Resistance to Organisational Change: A Case. Study of
OtiYeboah Complex Limited. International Business and Management, 4(1), 135-145.
Retrieved December 25, 2018 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266175359_Resistance_to_Organisation al_
Change_A_Case_Study_of_Oti_Yeboah_Complex_Limited.
Bourne, B. (2015).Phenomenological study of generational response to organizational change.
Journal of Managerial Issues, 27, 1(4), 141-159.
Chou, K.L. (2005). Everyday competence and depressive symptoms: Social support and sense of
control as mediators or moderators? Aging and Mental Health, 9,177- 183.
Clarke, J.H. (1973). Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa. New York: Random House. Comfort, L. K. (2002). Rethinking security: Organizational fragility in extreme events. Public
AdministrationReview , 62(s1): 98–10.
Covey SR (1989). The 7 habits of highly effective people. Washington.
Drabek, T. E. (1985). Managing the emergency response.Public Administration Review, 45: 85–
92.
DuCille, M. (1997, February 12). Black Moses, Red Scare; The Clash of Marcus Garvey and J.
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Management Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
Edward, K. L., Hercelinskyj, G. (2007). Burnout in the caring nurse: Learning resilient
behaviours. British journal of nursing, 16(4), 240-242.
Fernandez, S., & Rainey, H. G. (2006). Managing Successful Organizational Change in the
Public Sector. Retrieved December 9, 2018 from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00570.x.
Furlong D., Harris B., & Weaver, K. (2014). Nurse leaders' ethical conflict and resilience
experiences. GSTF Journal of Nursing and Health Care (JNHC),1(2)
Higgins, D. &Bourne, P.A. (2018). Implementing Change in an Organization: A General
Overview. Sch J Psychol&Behav Sci. 1(1), 7-18
Hochfelder, D. (2019, September 24). Alexander Graham Bell: American Inventor. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Graham-Bell.
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of change. University of Creative Arts. Retrieved from https://blog.uca.ac.uk/why-change- is-a-catalyst-for-greatness-323460b3436b.
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Keith, N.W., & Keith, N.Z. (1992). The social origins of democratic socialism in Jamaica.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Kets De Vries, M.F.R. (2017). Developing leaders through adversity. Retrieved November 20,
2018 from http://knowledge.insead.edu>Blog Posts.>INSEAD Blog.
Kotter, J.P., &Schleisinger, L.A. (2008). Choosing strategies for change. Harvard Business
Review, July-August Issue. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2008/07/choosing-strategies-for-
change?cm_sp=Article-_-Links-_- Comment.
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January. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1969/01/how-to-deal-with- resistance-to-change. Lewin, K. (1952). “Group decision and social change,” in G. E. Swanson et al. (Eds.), Readings
in Social Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
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Harcourt, Brace and World.
Lorenzo, A.L. (1998). A framework for fundamental change: Context, criteria, and culture.
Community College, Journal of Research and Practice, 22(4):335-48.
Masunda, T. (2015). An evaluation of resistance to organizational change and its effects on
employee productivity: The case of telecom Namibia (dissertation). Retrieved December
4, 2018 from http://Citerseers.ist.psy.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.877.2775&rep=repl.
McConville, C., Simpson, E.E., Rae, G., Polito, A., Andriollo-Sanchez, Z., Meunier, N., Stewart-
Knox, O., O’Connor, J. M., Boussell, A.M., Cuzzolaro, M., Coudray, C. (2005). Positive
and negative mood in the elderly: The Zenith study. European Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 59,22.
Miller, K. E. (2005). Association between illness and suicide risk in older adults. American
Family Physician, 71, 1404-1406.
Moss, S. A., Butar, B. I., Hartel, C. E. J., Hirst, G., &Craner, M. (2017). The importance of
stability in the midst ofchange: The benefits of consistent values to strategic
implementation. Australasian Journal of Organizational Psychology,10, 1–9.
Newman, S., Stuart, H. (2005). An ecologic study of parasuicide in Edmonton and Calgary.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 275-280.
Paycor. (2019, July). Overcoming employee resistance to change in the workplace. Retrieved
from https://www.paycor.com/resource-center/change-management-in- the-workplace-
why-do-employees-resist-it.
Pusey, A. (2019, June 1). June 18, 1923: Marcus Garvey convicted of mail fraud. ABA
(American Bar Association) Journal. Retrieved from
http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/marcus-garvey-mail-fraud.
Rashid, Md Z.A., Sambasivan, M., & Rahman, A.A. (2003). The influence of organizational
culture on attitudes toward organizational change. The Leadership and Organizational
Development Journal, 25(2):161-179.
Reading Blue Coat School. (2017, May 21). Overcoming adversity with Nelson Mandela.
Retrieved from https://www.rbcs.org.uk/headmasters-desk/overcoming- adversity-with-nelson-mandela/.
Rhodes, A. E., Bethel, J., &Bondy, S. (2006). Suicidality, depression, and mental health service
use in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51,35-41.
Satter, B. (1996, March). Marcus Garvey, father divine and gender politics of race difference and
race neutrality. American Quarterly, 48(1), 43-76.
Shea, C. M., Jacobs, S. A., Esserman, D. A., Bruce, K.,&Weiner, B. J. (2014). Organizational
readiness for implementing change: A psychometric assessment of a newmeasure.
Implementation Science, 9(7), 1-15.
Stephen, E.H. (1986). Democratic socialism in Jamaica: The Political movement and social
transformation in dependent capitalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Stephens, E.H., & Stephens, J.D. (1986). Democratic Socialism in Jamaica: The Political
Movement and Social Transformation in Dependent Capitalism. London: MacMillan
Education. The Canada College of Health Leaders. (2018), Resilient. Retrieved
December 2, 2018 from http://cchl-ccls.ca/event/bchlc2018.
Valdez, C. E., Lim, B. H., & Parker, C. P. (2015). Positive change following adversity and
psychological adjustment over time in abused foster youth. Child abuse & neglect, 48,
80–91. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.007.
Williams, T.A., Gruber, D.A., & Zhao, E.Y. (2017). Organizational response to adversity: Fusing
crisis management and resilience research streams. The Academy of Management
Annals, 11(2), 733-769.
Wilson, S., & Rice, S.S. (2004). Wired to inspire: Leading organizations through adversity. LIA,
24(2), 1-7.
World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva: WHO. Yalmaz, D., &Kilicoglu, G. (2013). Resistance to change and ways of reducing resistance in
educational organizations. European Journal of Research on Education, 1(1), 14-21.
Zand, D. E., & Sorensen, R. E. (1975). “Theory of change and the effective use of management
science,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 532-545.
Management, 1(1):30-43.
Ali Al-Zu’bi, H. (2011). Investigating the Relationship between Corporate Culture and
Organizational Change: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Emerging Trends in
Economics and Management Sciences, 2, 111-116.
Ambursley, F. (1981). Jamaica: The demise of ‘democratic socialism’. New Left Review.
Retrieved from https://newleftreview.org/issues/I128/articles/fitzroy- ambursley-jamaica-the-demise-of-democratic-socialism.pdf.
Armstrong, J. S. (1982). Strategies for Implementing Change: An Experiential Approach. Group & Organization Studies, 7, 457-475.
Awata, S., Seki, T., Koizumi, Y., Sato, S., Hozawa, A., Omori, K., Kuriyama, S., Arai, H.,
Nagatomi, R., Matsuoka, H., & Tsuji, I. (2005). Factors associated with suicidal ideation in
an elderly urban Japanese population: A community-based cross- sectional study.
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59,327-336.
Bacon, T. R. (2007). Driving cultural change through behavioral differentiation at
Westinghouse.Business Strategy Series, 8 (5), 350-357.
Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). The bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research and
managerial applications (4th ed..) Free Press: New York. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Kovacs, M., & Garrison, B. (1985). Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of
patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 559-563. Biography.com.(2014). Usain Bolt Biography. Retrieved from
https://www.biography.com/athlete/usain-bolt.
Boin, A. (2004). Lessons from crisis research. International Studies Review, 6(1): 165– 194. Boin, A. (2009). The new world of crises and crisis management: Implications for policymaking
andresearch.Review of Policy research, 26(4): 367-377.
Boohene, R., & Williams, A. A. (2012). Resistance to Organisational Change: A Case. Study of
OtiYeboah Complex Limited. International Business and Management, 4(1), 135-145.
Retrieved December 25, 2018 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266175359_Resistance_to_Organisation al_
Change_A_Case_Study_of_Oti_Yeboah_Complex_Limited.
Bourne, B. (2015).Phenomenological study of generational response to organizational change.
Journal of Managerial Issues, 27, 1(4), 141-159.
Chou, K.L. (2005). Everyday competence and depressive symptoms: Social support and sense of
control as mediators or moderators? Aging and Mental Health, 9,177- 183.
Clarke, J.H. (1973). Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa. New York: Random House. Comfort, L. K. (2002). Rethinking security: Organizational fragility in extreme events. Public
AdministrationReview , 62(s1): 98–10.
Covey SR (1989). The 7 habits of highly effective people. Washington.
Drabek, T. E. (1985). Managing the emergency response.Public Administration Review, 45: 85–
92.
DuCille, M. (1997, February 12). Black Moses, Red Scare; The Clash of Marcus Garvey and J.
Edgar Hoover Horizon: pg.Ho1. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/1997/02/12/black-moses-red- scare/8a6aff0a-6f38-4b50-8c45-77ba7eb5d714/.
Dunham, R.B., Grube, J.A., Gardner, D.G., Cummings, L.L., & Piece, J.L. (1989). The
development of an attitude toward change instrument. Paper presented at the Academy of
Management Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
Edward, K. L., Hercelinskyj, G. (2007). Burnout in the caring nurse: Learning resilient
behaviours. British journal of nursing, 16(4), 240-242.
Fernandez, S., & Rainey, H. G. (2006). Managing Successful Organizational Change in the
Public Sector. Retrieved December 9, 2018 from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00570.x.
Furlong D., Harris B., & Weaver, K. (2014). Nurse leaders' ethical conflict and resilience
experiences. GSTF Journal of Nursing and Health Care (JNHC),1(2)
Higgins, D. &Bourne, P.A. (2018). Implementing Change in an Organization: A General
Overview. Sch J Psychol&Behav Sci. 1(1), 7-18
Hochfelder, D. (2019, September 24). Alexander Graham Bell: American Inventor. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Graham-Bell.
Howling, H. (2017). Why change is a catalyst for greatness: An introspective look into the nature
of change. University of Creative Arts. Retrieved from https://blog.uca.ac.uk/why-change- is-a-catalyst-for-greatness-323460b3436b.
Johnson, S. (2002). Who moved my cheese. Retrieved November 30, 2018 from
jef.metalis.org/hersenspinsel/../WhoMovedMyCheese_DrSpencerJohnson.pdf.
Keith, N.W., & Keith, N.Z. (1992). The social origins of democratic socialism in Jamaica.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Kets De Vries, M.F.R. (2017). Developing leaders through adversity. Retrieved November 20,
2018 from http://knowledge.insead.edu>Blog Posts.>INSEAD Blog.
Kotter, J.P., &Schleisinger, L.A. (2008). Choosing strategies for change. Harvard Business
Review, July-August Issue. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2008/07/choosing-strategies-for-
change?cm_sp=Article-_-Links-_- Comment.
Lawrence, P.R. (1969). How to Deal with Resistance to Change. Harvard Business Review,
January. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1969/01/how-to-deal-with- resistance-to-change. Lewin, K. (1952). “Group decision and social change,” in G. E. Swanson et al. (Eds.), Readings
in Social Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Lippitt, R., Watson, J., &Westley, B. (1958). The Dynamics of Planned Change. New York:
Harcourt, Brace and World.
Lorenzo, A.L. (1998). A framework for fundamental change: Context, criteria, and culture.
Community College, Journal of Research and Practice, 22(4):335-48.
Masunda, T. (2015). An evaluation of resistance to organizational change and its effects on
employee productivity: The case of telecom Namibia (dissertation). Retrieved December
4, 2018 from http://Citerseers.ist.psy.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.877.2775&rep=repl.
McConville, C., Simpson, E.E., Rae, G., Polito, A., Andriollo-Sanchez, Z., Meunier, N., Stewart-
Knox, O., O’Connor, J. M., Boussell, A.M., Cuzzolaro, M., Coudray, C. (2005). Positive
and negative mood in the elderly: The Zenith study. European Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 59,22.
Miller, K. E. (2005). Association between illness and suicide risk in older adults. American
Family Physician, 71, 1404-1406.
Moss, S. A., Butar, B. I., Hartel, C. E. J., Hirst, G., &Craner, M. (2017). The importance of
stability in the midst ofchange: The benefits of consistent values to strategic
implementation. Australasian Journal of Organizational Psychology,10, 1–9.
Newman, S., Stuart, H. (2005). An ecologic study of parasuicide in Edmonton and Calgary.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 275-280.
Paycor. (2019, July). Overcoming employee resistance to change in the workplace. Retrieved
from https://www.paycor.com/resource-center/change-management-in- the-workplace-
why-do-employees-resist-it.
Pusey, A. (2019, June 1). June 18, 1923: Marcus Garvey convicted of mail fraud. ABA
(American Bar Association) Journal. Retrieved from
http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/marcus-garvey-mail-fraud.
Rashid, Md Z.A., Sambasivan, M., & Rahman, A.A. (2003). The influence of organizational
culture on attitudes toward organizational change. The Leadership and Organizational
Development Journal, 25(2):161-179.
Reading Blue Coat School. (2017, May 21). Overcoming adversity with Nelson Mandela.
Retrieved from https://www.rbcs.org.uk/headmasters-desk/overcoming- adversity-with-nelson-mandela/.
Rhodes, A. E., Bethel, J., &Bondy, S. (2006). Suicidality, depression, and mental health service
use in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51,35-41.
Satter, B. (1996, March). Marcus Garvey, father divine and gender politics of race difference and
race neutrality. American Quarterly, 48(1), 43-76.
Shea, C. M., Jacobs, S. A., Esserman, D. A., Bruce, K.,&Weiner, B. J. (2014). Organizational
readiness for implementing change: A psychometric assessment of a newmeasure.
Implementation Science, 9(7), 1-15.
Stephen, E.H. (1986). Democratic socialism in Jamaica: The Political movement and social
transformation in dependent capitalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Stephens, E.H., & Stephens, J.D. (1986). Democratic Socialism in Jamaica: The Political
Movement and Social Transformation in Dependent Capitalism. London: MacMillan
Education. The Canada College of Health Leaders. (2018), Resilient. Retrieved
December 2, 2018 from http://cchl-ccls.ca/event/bchlc2018.
Valdez, C. E., Lim, B. H., & Parker, C. P. (2015). Positive change following adversity and
psychological adjustment over time in abused foster youth. Child abuse & neglect, 48,
80–91. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.007.
Williams, T.A., Gruber, D.A., & Zhao, E.Y. (2017). Organizational response to adversity: Fusing
crisis management and resilience research streams. The Academy of Management
Annals, 11(2), 733-769.
Wilson, S., & Rice, S.S. (2004). Wired to inspire: Leading organizations through adversity. LIA,
24(2), 1-7.
World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva: WHO. Yalmaz, D., &Kilicoglu, G. (2013). Resistance to change and ways of reducing resistance in
educational organizations. European Journal of Research on Education, 1(1), 14-21.
Zand, D. E., & Sorensen, R. E. (1975). “Theory of change and the effective use of management
science,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 532-545.