A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Agnew’s General Theory of Crime and Delinquency
Abstract
Objectives: Recent trends in globalization and the recognition that crime is a worldwide phenomenon have led criminologists to theorize causes of crime across the international context. However, barriers to uniform and systematic data collection across countries have limited the ability to test general theories of crime across multiple contexts. To overcome this limitation, the current study tests Agnew’s (2005) general theory of crime and delinquency using data systematically collected from American and Irish adolescents.
Methods: Binomial regression analyses test Agnew’s central theoretical propositions by utilizing the United States and Ireland portions of the second phase of the International Self-report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2). Clogg tests are used to identify any differences between international contexts.
Results: The results provide strong supportive evidence for Agnew’s (2005) central theses on adolescents’ delinquent offending. While most of the adolescents’ individual, family, peer, school, and neighborhood factors had similar effects in both countries, some were significantly different between American and Irish adolescents.
Conclusions: The current study supports the notion of generality in Agnew’s (2005) theory of crime and delinquency and it’s applicability for cross-cultural criminology research. Subtle differences between countries may lend insight into further theoretical refinement of the general theory. Suggestions for future cross-national theory testing related to data collection and analysis are discussed.
References
1. Adler, I., & Kandel, D. B. (1982). A cross-cultural comparison of socio psychological factors in alcohol use among adolescents in Israel, France, and the United States. J Youth Adolescence, 11(2), 89-113. doi:10.1007/bf01834706
2. Agnew, R. (1985). A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency. Social Forces, 64(1), 151-167. doi:10.1093/sf/64.1.151
3. Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency*. Criminology, 30(1), 47-88. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
4. Agnew, R. (2005). Why do criminals offend? A general theory of crime and delinquency. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
5. Agnew, R. (2011). Toward a unified criminology: Integrating assumptions about crime, people and society. New York, NY: New York University Press.
6. AGNEW, R., BREZINA, T., WRIGHT, J. P., & CULLEN, F. T. (2002). STRAIN, PERSONALITY TRAITS, AND DELINQUENCY: EXTENDING GENERAL STRAIN THEORY. Criminology, 40(1), 43-72. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00949.x
7. Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
8. Akers, R. L., & Jensen, G. F. (2003). Social learning theory and the explanation of crime: A guide for the new century. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
9. APEL, R., & KAUKINEN, C. (2008). ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY STRUCTURE AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: PARENTAL COHABITATION AND BLENDED HOUSEHOLDS. Criminology, 46(1), 35-70. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00107.x
10. Ashkanasy, N. M., Trevor-Roberts, E., & Earnshaw, L. (2002). The Anglo Cluster: legacy of the British empire. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 28-39. doi:10.1016/s1090-9516(01)00072-4
11. Bacon, M. K., Child, I. L., & Barry, H. (1963). A cross-cultural study of correlates of crime. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(4), 291-300. doi:10.1037/h0042395
12. Barak-Glantz, I. L., Johnson, E. H., American Society of Criminology, & American Society of Criminology. (1983). Comparative criminology. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
13. Bennett, R. R. (1991). Routine Activities: A Cross-National Assessment of a Criminological Perspective. Social Forces, 70(1), 147. doi:10.2307/2580066
14. Bennett, R. R. (1991). DEVELOPMENT AND CRIME: A Cross-National, Time-Series Analysis of Competing Models. Sociological Quarterly, 32(3), 343-363. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00163.x
15. BOTCHKOVAR, E. V., TITTLE, C. R., & ANTONACCIO, O. (2009). GENERAL STRAIN THEORY: ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE USING CROSS-CULTURAL DATA. Criminology, 47(1), 131-176. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00141.x
16. Bradley, K. (2009). The Children Act 1908: Centennial Reflections, Contemporary Perspectives, University of Kent, 30 June-1 July 2008. History Workshop Journal, 68(1), 303-305. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbn056
17. Breen, J., Manning, U., O’Donnell, I., O’Mahony, D., & Seymour, M. (2010). Ireland. In Juvenile delinquency in Europe and beyond: Results of the second international self-report delinquency study (pp. 111 - 124). New York: Springer.
18. Cao, L. (2004). Is American Society More Anomic? A Test of Merton's Theory with Cross‐National Data. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 28(1), 15-32. doi:10.1080/01924036.2004.9678714
19. Cavadino, M., & Dignan, J. (2006). Penal policy and political economy. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(4), 435-456. doi:10.1177/1748895806068581
20. Clogg, C. C., Petkova, E., & Haritou, A. (1995). Statistical Methods for Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Models. American Journal of Sociology, 100(5), 1261-1293. doi:10.1086/230638
21. Cloward, R. A., & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity: A theory of delinquent gangs. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
22. Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys: The culture of the gang. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
23. Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588. doi:10.2307/2094589
24. Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1999). The Problem of Units and the Circumstance for POMP. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 34(3), 315-346. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3403_2
25. Colvin, M. (2000). Crime and coercion: An integrated theory of chronic criminality. New York: St. Martin's Press.
26. Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (2014). The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending.
27. Cullen, F. T., Wright, J. P., & Blevins, K. R. (2006). Taking stock: The status of criminological theory. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
28. Durkheim, E. (1938). The rules of sociological method. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press
29. Dünkel, F., Gensing, A., Burman, M., & O'Mahony, D. (2010). Juvenile justice systems in Europe: Current situation and reform developments. Mönchengladbach: Forum Verlag Godesberg.
30. Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (1994). War, Socialization, and Interpersonal Violence: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 38(4), 620-646. doi:10.1177/0022002794038004002
31. Enzmann, D., Marshall, I. H., Killias, M., Junger-Tas, J., Steketee, M., & Gruszczynska, B. (2010). Self-reported youth delinquency in Europe and beyond: First results of the Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study in the context of police and victimization data. European Journal of Criminology, 7(2), 159-183. doi:10.1177/1477370809358018
32. Felson, M. (1994). Crime and everyday life: Insights and implications for society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
33. Gartner, R., & Parker, R. N. (1990). Cross-National Evidence on Homicide and the Age Structure of the Population. Social Forces, 69(2), 351. doi:10.2307/2579663
34. Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. T. (1964). Ventures in criminology: Selected recent papers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
35. Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
36. GRASMICK, H. G., TITTLE, C. R., BURSIK, R. J., & ARNEKLEV, B. J. (1993). Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(1), 5-29. doi:10.1177/0022427893030001002
37. Hazel, & Neal. (n.d.). Cross-national comparison of youth justice. Youth Justice Board.
38. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
39. Hirschi, T., & Laub, J. H. (2002). The craft of criminology: Selected papers. New Brunswick, U.S.A: Transaction Publishers.
40. Hummelsheim, D., Hirtenlehner, H., Jackson, J., & Oberwittler, D. (2010). Social Insecurities and Fear of Crime: A Cross-National Study on the Impact of Welfare State Policies on Crime-related Anxieties. European Sociological Review, 27(3), 327-345. doi:10.1093/esr/jcq010
41. Junger-Tas, J. (2012). The Many Faces of Youth Crime: Contrasting Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Delinquency across Countries and Cultures. New York, NY: Springer New York.
42. Junger-Tas, J., & Decker, S. H. (2006). International handbook of juvenile justice. (Springer e-books.) Dordrecht: Springer.
43. Junger-Tas, J., Marshall, I. H., Enzmann, D., Killias, M., & Steketee, M. (2012). The many faces of youth crime: Contrasting theoretical perspectives on juvenile deliquency across countries and cultures. New York: Springer.
44. Karstedt, S. (2001). Crime, Law and Social Change, 36(3), 285-308. doi:10.1023/a:1012223323445
45. Katz, C. M., Maguire, E. R., & Choate, D. (2011). A Cross-National Comparison of Gangs in the United States and Trinidad and Tobago. International Criminal Justice Review, 21(3), 243-262. doi:10.1177/1057567711417179
46. Kilkelly, U. (2006). Youth justice in Ireland: Tough lives, rough justice. Dublin, Ireland: Irish Academic Press.
47. Kim, E., Akers, R. L., & Yun, M. (2013). A Cross-Cultural Test of Social Structure and Social Learning: Alcohol Use among South Korean Adolescents. Deviant Behavior, 34(11), 895-915. doi:10.1080/01639625.2013.782787
48. LEAVITT, G. C. (1990). Relativism and Cross-Cultural Criminology: A Critical Analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 27(1), 5-29. doi:10.1177/0022427890027001002
49. LeBoeuf, Donni. (1996). Curfew, an answer to juvenile delinquency and victimization? Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
50. Mannheim, H. (1965). Comparative criminology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
51. McGilloway, S., Mhaille, G. N., Bywater, T., Furlong, M., Leckey, Y., Kelly, P., … Donnelly, M. (2012). A parenting intervention for childhood behavioral problems: A randomized controlled trial in disadvantaged community-based settings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 116-127. doi:10.1037/a0026304
52. Mejia, A., Calam, R., & Sanders, M. R. (2015). A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Brief Parenting Intervention in Low-Resource Settings in Panama. Prevention Science, 16(5), 707-717. doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0551-1
53. Meneses, R. A., & Akers, R. L. (2011). A Comparison of Four General Theories of Crime and Deviance: Marijuana Use Among American and Bolivian University Students. International Criminal Justice Review, 21(4), 333-352. doi:10.1177/1057567711408302
54. Merton, R. K. (1938). Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672. doi:10.2307/2084686
55. Miller, H. V., Jennings, W. G., Alvarez-Rivera, L. L., & Miller, J. M. (2008). Explaining Substance Use among Puerto Rican Adolescents: A Partial Test of Social Learning Theory. Journal of Drug Issues, 38(1), 261-283. doi:10.1177/002204260803800112
56. Mufti, L. R., Grubb, J. A., Bouffard, L. A., & Maljevi, A. (2014). The Impact of Life Domains on Juvenile Offending in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Direct, Indirect, and Moderating Effects in Agnew's Integrated General Theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(6), 816-845. doi:10.1177/0022427814546198
57. Ngo, F. T., Paternoster, R., Cullen, F. T., & Mackenzie, D. L. (2011). Life domains and crime: A test of Agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(4), 302-311. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.03.006
58. Ngo, F. T., & Paternoster, R. (2014). Contemporaneous and Lagged Effects of Life Domains and Substance Use: A Test of Agnew's General Theory of Crime and Delinquency. Journal of Criminology, 2014, 1-20. doi:10.1155/2014/320486
59. O'Dwyer. (2006). Restorative Justice in the Garda Síochána: An Evaluation of the Garda Programme of Restorative Justice 2002-2003 (Doctoral dissertation, University College, Dublin, Ireland).
60. Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Piquero, A., Mazerolle, P., & Dean, C. W. (1998). Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14(2), 133-154. doi:10.1023/a:1023024120766
61. Piquero, A. R., & Tibbetts, S. G. (2002). Rational choice and criminal behavior: Recent research and future challenges. New York: Routledge.
62. Posick, C. (2013). Untangling offending and victimization: A comparative study of the victim offender overlap (Doctoral dissertation).
63. Posick, C., & Rocque, M. (2014). Family matters: A cross-national examination of family bonding and victimization. European Journal of Criminology, 12(1), 51-69. doi:10.1177/1477370814538777
64. Pratt, T. C., Cullen, F. T., Sellers, C. S., Thomas Winfree, L., Madensen, T. D., Daigle, L. E., & Gau, J. M. (2010). The Empirical Status of Social Learning Theory: A Meta‐Analysis. Justice Quarterly, 27(6), 765-802. doi:10.1080/07418820903379610
65. Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
66. Schaible, L. M. (2012). Overcoming the Neglect of Social Process in Cross-National and Comparative Criminology. Sociology Compass, 6(10), 793-807. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2012.00492.x
67. Sigfusdottir, I. D., Kristjansson, A. L., & Agnew, R. (2012). A comparative analysis of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(2), 117-127. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.01.001
68. Stattin, H., Enebrink, P., Özdemir, M., & Giannotta, F. (2015). A national evaluation of parenting programs in Sweden: The short-term effects using an RCT effectiveness design. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(6), 1069-1084. doi:10.1037/a0039328
69. Strang, H., & Braithwaite, J. (2001). Restorative justice and civil society. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
70. THORNBERRY, T. P. (1987). TOWARD AN INTERACTIONAL THEORY OF DELINQUENCY*. Criminology, 25(4), 863-892. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00823.x
71. Tseloni, A. (2004). Burglary Victimization in England and Wales, the United States and the Netherlands: A Cross-National Comparative Test of Routine Activities and Lifestyle Theories. British Journal of Criminology, 44(1), 66-91. doi:10.1093/bjc/44.1.66
72. Vazsonyi, A. T., & Belliston, L. M. (2007). THE FAMILY -> LOW SELF-CONTROL -> DEVIANCE: A Cross-Cultural and Cross-National Test of Self-Control Theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(4), 505-530. doi:10.1177/0093854806292299
73. Vazsonyi, A. T., Clifford Wittekind, J. E., Belliston, L. M., & Van Loh, T. D. (2004). Extending the General Theory of Crime to “The East:” Low Self-Control in Japanese Late Adolescents. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20(3), 189-216. doi:10.1023/b:joqc.0000037731.28786.e3
74. VAZSONYI, A. T., PICKERING, L. E., JUNGER, M., & HESSING, D. (2001). An Empirical Test of a General Theory of Crime: A Four-Nation Comparative Study of Self-Control and the Prediction of Deviance. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(2), 91-131. doi:10.1177/0022427801038002001
75. Wikstrom, P. (2004). Crime as alternative: Towards a cross‐level situational action theory of crime causation. In Beyond Empiricism: Institutions and Intentions in the Study of Crime (pp. 1-37). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
76. Wilson, J. Q., Petersilia, J., & Center for Self-Governance. (1995). Crime. San Francisco, CA: ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies.
77. Winfree, L. T., Griffiths, C. T., & Sellers, C. S. (1989). Social learning theory, drug use, and American Indian youths: A cross-cultural test. Justice Quarterly, 6(3), 395-417. doi:10.1080/07418828900090271
78. Zhang, Y., Day, G., & Cao, L. (2012). A Partial Test of Agnew's General Theory of Crime and Delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, 58(6), 856-878. doi:10.1177/0011128712461738
79. Zhao, R., & Cao, L. (2010). Social Change and Anomie: A Cross-National Study. Social Forces, 88(3), 1209-1229. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0312
80. Zimmerman, G. M., Welsh, B. C., & Posick, C. (2014). Investigating the Role of Neighborhood Youth Organizations in Preventing Adolescent Violent Offending: Evidence from Chicago. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(4), 565-593. doi:10.1007/s10940-014-9238-1
2. Agnew, R. (1985). A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency. Social Forces, 64(1), 151-167. doi:10.1093/sf/64.1.151
3. Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency*. Criminology, 30(1), 47-88. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
4. Agnew, R. (2005). Why do criminals offend? A general theory of crime and delinquency. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
5. Agnew, R. (2011). Toward a unified criminology: Integrating assumptions about crime, people and society. New York, NY: New York University Press.
6. AGNEW, R., BREZINA, T., WRIGHT, J. P., & CULLEN, F. T. (2002). STRAIN, PERSONALITY TRAITS, AND DELINQUENCY: EXTENDING GENERAL STRAIN THEORY. Criminology, 40(1), 43-72. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00949.x
7. Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
8. Akers, R. L., & Jensen, G. F. (2003). Social learning theory and the explanation of crime: A guide for the new century. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
9. APEL, R., & KAUKINEN, C. (2008). ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY STRUCTURE AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: PARENTAL COHABITATION AND BLENDED HOUSEHOLDS. Criminology, 46(1), 35-70. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00107.x
10. Ashkanasy, N. M., Trevor-Roberts, E., & Earnshaw, L. (2002). The Anglo Cluster: legacy of the British empire. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 28-39. doi:10.1016/s1090-9516(01)00072-4
11. Bacon, M. K., Child, I. L., & Barry, H. (1963). A cross-cultural study of correlates of crime. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(4), 291-300. doi:10.1037/h0042395
12. Barak-Glantz, I. L., Johnson, E. H., American Society of Criminology, & American Society of Criminology. (1983). Comparative criminology. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
13. Bennett, R. R. (1991). Routine Activities: A Cross-National Assessment of a Criminological Perspective. Social Forces, 70(1), 147. doi:10.2307/2580066
14. Bennett, R. R. (1991). DEVELOPMENT AND CRIME: A Cross-National, Time-Series Analysis of Competing Models. Sociological Quarterly, 32(3), 343-363. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00163.x
15. BOTCHKOVAR, E. V., TITTLE, C. R., & ANTONACCIO, O. (2009). GENERAL STRAIN THEORY: ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE USING CROSS-CULTURAL DATA. Criminology, 47(1), 131-176. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00141.x
16. Bradley, K. (2009). The Children Act 1908: Centennial Reflections, Contemporary Perspectives, University of Kent, 30 June-1 July 2008. History Workshop Journal, 68(1), 303-305. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbn056
17. Breen, J., Manning, U., O’Donnell, I., O’Mahony, D., & Seymour, M. (2010). Ireland. In Juvenile delinquency in Europe and beyond: Results of the second international self-report delinquency study (pp. 111 - 124). New York: Springer.
18. Cao, L. (2004). Is American Society More Anomic? A Test of Merton's Theory with Cross‐National Data. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 28(1), 15-32. doi:10.1080/01924036.2004.9678714
19. Cavadino, M., & Dignan, J. (2006). Penal policy and political economy. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(4), 435-456. doi:10.1177/1748895806068581
20. Clogg, C. C., Petkova, E., & Haritou, A. (1995). Statistical Methods for Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Models. American Journal of Sociology, 100(5), 1261-1293. doi:10.1086/230638
21. Cloward, R. A., & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity: A theory of delinquent gangs. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
22. Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys: The culture of the gang. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
23. Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588. doi:10.2307/2094589
24. Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1999). The Problem of Units and the Circumstance for POMP. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 34(3), 315-346. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3403_2
25. Colvin, M. (2000). Crime and coercion: An integrated theory of chronic criminality. New York: St. Martin's Press.
26. Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (2014). The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending.
27. Cullen, F. T., Wright, J. P., & Blevins, K. R. (2006). Taking stock: The status of criminological theory. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
28. Durkheim, E. (1938). The rules of sociological method. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press
29. Dünkel, F., Gensing, A., Burman, M., & O'Mahony, D. (2010). Juvenile justice systems in Europe: Current situation and reform developments. Mönchengladbach: Forum Verlag Godesberg.
30. Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (1994). War, Socialization, and Interpersonal Violence: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 38(4), 620-646. doi:10.1177/0022002794038004002
31. Enzmann, D., Marshall, I. H., Killias, M., Junger-Tas, J., Steketee, M., & Gruszczynska, B. (2010). Self-reported youth delinquency in Europe and beyond: First results of the Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study in the context of police and victimization data. European Journal of Criminology, 7(2), 159-183. doi:10.1177/1477370809358018
32. Felson, M. (1994). Crime and everyday life: Insights and implications for society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
33. Gartner, R., & Parker, R. N. (1990). Cross-National Evidence on Homicide and the Age Structure of the Population. Social Forces, 69(2), 351. doi:10.2307/2579663
34. Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. T. (1964). Ventures in criminology: Selected recent papers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
35. Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
36. GRASMICK, H. G., TITTLE, C. R., BURSIK, R. J., & ARNEKLEV, B. J. (1993). Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(1), 5-29. doi:10.1177/0022427893030001002
37. Hazel, & Neal. (n.d.). Cross-national comparison of youth justice. Youth Justice Board.
38. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
39. Hirschi, T., & Laub, J. H. (2002). The craft of criminology: Selected papers. New Brunswick, U.S.A: Transaction Publishers.
40. Hummelsheim, D., Hirtenlehner, H., Jackson, J., & Oberwittler, D. (2010). Social Insecurities and Fear of Crime: A Cross-National Study on the Impact of Welfare State Policies on Crime-related Anxieties. European Sociological Review, 27(3), 327-345. doi:10.1093/esr/jcq010
41. Junger-Tas, J. (2012). The Many Faces of Youth Crime: Contrasting Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Delinquency across Countries and Cultures. New York, NY: Springer New York.
42. Junger-Tas, J., & Decker, S. H. (2006). International handbook of juvenile justice. (Springer e-books.) Dordrecht: Springer.
43. Junger-Tas, J., Marshall, I. H., Enzmann, D., Killias, M., & Steketee, M. (2012). The many faces of youth crime: Contrasting theoretical perspectives on juvenile deliquency across countries and cultures. New York: Springer.
44. Karstedt, S. (2001). Crime, Law and Social Change, 36(3), 285-308. doi:10.1023/a:1012223323445
45. Katz, C. M., Maguire, E. R., & Choate, D. (2011). A Cross-National Comparison of Gangs in the United States and Trinidad and Tobago. International Criminal Justice Review, 21(3), 243-262. doi:10.1177/1057567711417179
46. Kilkelly, U. (2006). Youth justice in Ireland: Tough lives, rough justice. Dublin, Ireland: Irish Academic Press.
47. Kim, E., Akers, R. L., & Yun, M. (2013). A Cross-Cultural Test of Social Structure and Social Learning: Alcohol Use among South Korean Adolescents. Deviant Behavior, 34(11), 895-915. doi:10.1080/01639625.2013.782787
48. LEAVITT, G. C. (1990). Relativism and Cross-Cultural Criminology: A Critical Analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 27(1), 5-29. doi:10.1177/0022427890027001002
49. LeBoeuf, Donni. (1996). Curfew, an answer to juvenile delinquency and victimization? Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
50. Mannheim, H. (1965). Comparative criminology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
51. McGilloway, S., Mhaille, G. N., Bywater, T., Furlong, M., Leckey, Y., Kelly, P., … Donnelly, M. (2012). A parenting intervention for childhood behavioral problems: A randomized controlled trial in disadvantaged community-based settings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 116-127. doi:10.1037/a0026304
52. Mejia, A., Calam, R., & Sanders, M. R. (2015). A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Brief Parenting Intervention in Low-Resource Settings in Panama. Prevention Science, 16(5), 707-717. doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0551-1
53. Meneses, R. A., & Akers, R. L. (2011). A Comparison of Four General Theories of Crime and Deviance: Marijuana Use Among American and Bolivian University Students. International Criminal Justice Review, 21(4), 333-352. doi:10.1177/1057567711408302
54. Merton, R. K. (1938). Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672. doi:10.2307/2084686
55. Miller, H. V., Jennings, W. G., Alvarez-Rivera, L. L., & Miller, J. M. (2008). Explaining Substance Use among Puerto Rican Adolescents: A Partial Test of Social Learning Theory. Journal of Drug Issues, 38(1), 261-283. doi:10.1177/002204260803800112
56. Mufti, L. R., Grubb, J. A., Bouffard, L. A., & Maljevi, A. (2014). The Impact of Life Domains on Juvenile Offending in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Direct, Indirect, and Moderating Effects in Agnew's Integrated General Theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(6), 816-845. doi:10.1177/0022427814546198
57. Ngo, F. T., Paternoster, R., Cullen, F. T., & Mackenzie, D. L. (2011). Life domains and crime: A test of Agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(4), 302-311. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.03.006
58. Ngo, F. T., & Paternoster, R. (2014). Contemporaneous and Lagged Effects of Life Domains and Substance Use: A Test of Agnew's General Theory of Crime and Delinquency. Journal of Criminology, 2014, 1-20. doi:10.1155/2014/320486
59. O'Dwyer. (2006). Restorative Justice in the Garda Síochána: An Evaluation of the Garda Programme of Restorative Justice 2002-2003 (Doctoral dissertation, University College, Dublin, Ireland).
60. Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Piquero, A., Mazerolle, P., & Dean, C. W. (1998). Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14(2), 133-154. doi:10.1023/a:1023024120766
61. Piquero, A. R., & Tibbetts, S. G. (2002). Rational choice and criminal behavior: Recent research and future challenges. New York: Routledge.
62. Posick, C. (2013). Untangling offending and victimization: A comparative study of the victim offender overlap (Doctoral dissertation).
63. Posick, C., & Rocque, M. (2014). Family matters: A cross-national examination of family bonding and victimization. European Journal of Criminology, 12(1), 51-69. doi:10.1177/1477370814538777
64. Pratt, T. C., Cullen, F. T., Sellers, C. S., Thomas Winfree, L., Madensen, T. D., Daigle, L. E., & Gau, J. M. (2010). The Empirical Status of Social Learning Theory: A Meta‐Analysis. Justice Quarterly, 27(6), 765-802. doi:10.1080/07418820903379610
65. Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
66. Schaible, L. M. (2012). Overcoming the Neglect of Social Process in Cross-National and Comparative Criminology. Sociology Compass, 6(10), 793-807. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2012.00492.x
67. Sigfusdottir, I. D., Kristjansson, A. L., & Agnew, R. (2012). A comparative analysis of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(2), 117-127. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.01.001
68. Stattin, H., Enebrink, P., Özdemir, M., & Giannotta, F. (2015). A national evaluation of parenting programs in Sweden: The short-term effects using an RCT effectiveness design. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(6), 1069-1084. doi:10.1037/a0039328
69. Strang, H., & Braithwaite, J. (2001). Restorative justice and civil society. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
70. THORNBERRY, T. P. (1987). TOWARD AN INTERACTIONAL THEORY OF DELINQUENCY*. Criminology, 25(4), 863-892. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00823.x
71. Tseloni, A. (2004). Burglary Victimization in England and Wales, the United States and the Netherlands: A Cross-National Comparative Test of Routine Activities and Lifestyle Theories. British Journal of Criminology, 44(1), 66-91. doi:10.1093/bjc/44.1.66
72. Vazsonyi, A. T., & Belliston, L. M. (2007). THE FAMILY -> LOW SELF-CONTROL -> DEVIANCE: A Cross-Cultural and Cross-National Test of Self-Control Theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(4), 505-530. doi:10.1177/0093854806292299
73. Vazsonyi, A. T., Clifford Wittekind, J. E., Belliston, L. M., & Van Loh, T. D. (2004). Extending the General Theory of Crime to “The East:” Low Self-Control in Japanese Late Adolescents. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20(3), 189-216. doi:10.1023/b:joqc.0000037731.28786.e3
74. VAZSONYI, A. T., PICKERING, L. E., JUNGER, M., & HESSING, D. (2001). An Empirical Test of a General Theory of Crime: A Four-Nation Comparative Study of Self-Control and the Prediction of Deviance. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(2), 91-131. doi:10.1177/0022427801038002001
75. Wikstrom, P. (2004). Crime as alternative: Towards a cross‐level situational action theory of crime causation. In Beyond Empiricism: Institutions and Intentions in the Study of Crime (pp. 1-37). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
76. Wilson, J. Q., Petersilia, J., & Center for Self-Governance. (1995). Crime. San Francisco, CA: ICS Press, Institute for Contemporary Studies.
77. Winfree, L. T., Griffiths, C. T., & Sellers, C. S. (1989). Social learning theory, drug use, and American Indian youths: A cross-cultural test. Justice Quarterly, 6(3), 395-417. doi:10.1080/07418828900090271
78. Zhang, Y., Day, G., & Cao, L. (2012). A Partial Test of Agnew's General Theory of Crime and Delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, 58(6), 856-878. doi:10.1177/0011128712461738
79. Zhao, R., & Cao, L. (2010). Social Change and Anomie: A Cross-National Study. Social Forces, 88(3), 1209-1229. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0312
80. Zimmerman, G. M., Welsh, B. C., & Posick, C. (2014). Investigating the Role of Neighborhood Youth Organizations in Preventing Adolescent Violent Offending: Evidence from Chicago. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(4), 565-593. doi:10.1007/s10940-014-9238-1
Authors
[1]
“A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Agnew’s General Theory of Crime and Delinquency”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 2, no. 01, pp. 301–321, Jan. 2018, Accessed: Nov. 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://sshjournal.com/index.php/sshj/article/view/85
Copyright and license info is not available