THE Effects of Project Triple Constraint on Malaysia Building Projects Effects of Project Triple Constraint on Malaysia Building Projects
Abstract
This study was carried out in order to investigate the effects of project triple constraint (time, cost and quality) on the building projects situated in Kuantan Malaysia. The main goal was to examine a series of barriers that are related to the building projects, most of which were caused by delay in time, cost overrun and poor quality of the projects. Aside from these, the lack of proper planning regarding cost estimation may sometimes lead to overestimation or underestimation, thus resulting in the delay of building projects or incompletion of the task. This study employed quantitative research technique because it is most suitable for the investigation. Data were analysed using both the IBM SPSS version 22 and smart PLS version 3.2.4 software. The general objectives of this research were to examine the size effect between time management, cost management and quality management on building projects. The respondents’ profiles were analysed using the SPSS while smart PLS was used to analyse the research objectives such as independent variable (time, cost, and quality) and dependent variable (building projects). The findings clearly showed that the project triple constraint (time, cost, and quality) had a positive relationship with the construction companies’ building projects.
References
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Apolot and Henry (2013). Investigation into the Causes of Delays and Cost Overruns in Uganda's Public Sector Construction Project. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 18(2), 33–47, 2013.
Ashraf (2014). "A Parametric Approach to Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling of Multigroup Analysis (PLS-MGA)", Int. J. Econ. Commer. Manag. United Kingdom, vol. II, no. 10, pp. 1-15,
Augsburg Education (2012). Introduction to project management, http://www.augsburg.edu./ppages/schwalbe/C5332-01pdf,(Aceesed Feb. 7).
Alinaitwe, H. Apolot R and Tindiwensi, D. (2013). To investigate into the causes of delays and costs over runs in agenda public sectors construction projects journal of constructions in Developing countries.
Ali, A, S, and Kamarzzman, S, N, (2010). Cost of performance for building construction projects in Klang Valley Journal of Building performance (1).
Alhazini, T. and McCaffer, R. (2000). Project procurement system selection model. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 126(3): 176–184
Allen, (2003). Short history of Malaysia, Virginia Matheson hooker, 83, Alexander Street, nest NSW, 2005.
Al-Sudairi, A.A. (2007). Evaluating the effect of construction process characteristics to the 121.Applicability of lean principles. Construction Innovation, 7(1), pp. 99.
Aleksandra Š. (2015), The Review of the Definition of Risk, A Publication of the International Institute for Applied Knowledge Management Volume 3, Issue 3 Special Issue 2015 - Paper selected from International Conference in Applied Protection and Its Trends.
Banda R. K. and Pretorius L, (2016), The effect of scope definitions on infrastructure projects, case in Malawi’s public and private implementing, south Africa, journal of industries, engineering 27(4), 203-214
Baratta, A. (2006). The triple constraint: a triple illusion. Paper presented at PMI® Global. Congress 2006—North America, Seattle, WA. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.
Bhzad Sidawi (2012). Management problems of remote construction projects and potential IT solutions; The case of kingdom of Soudi Arabia, Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), Vol. 17, pg. 103-120, http://www.itcon.org/2012/7
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Charon, M, (2017), Labor productivity in Malaysia over the last three decades, Khaznah Research Institutes, Issues Brief 4/17 1 June 2017.
Carbone TA, Tippett DD. (2004). Project risk management using the project risk FMEA. Eng. Manage J;16(4):28–35.
CIMA Official Terminology (,2005), Introduction to managing risk, The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants 26 Chapter Street London SW1P 4NP United Kingdom.
Chan, A.P.C., Ho, D.C.K. and Tam, C.M. (2001). Design and build project success factors multivariate analysis. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 127(2): 93–100.
Chin, W.W., (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modelling. In, Marccoulides, G.A? (Ed), Modern methods for business research. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey, 295-336.
Datuk Seri Fadillah Yusof, Works Minister (Dec 2014) GST to Have Minimal Impact on Renovation Construction Sector: in “Programme on Strengthening Bumiputera Renovation Contractors Conference" through the CIDB National Accredited Renovators (CNAR), Works Ministry of Malaysia, Malaysia. (http://1gst.com.my/1gst-news/179-gst-to-have-minimal-impact-on-renovation-constructionsector.html).
Duncan Haughey, (2011). Understanding the project management triple constraint ~ www.projectsmart.co.uk.
Diamantopoulos, A., Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Reynolds, N. (1994). Pretesting in questionnaire design: The impact of respondent characteristics on error detection. Journal of the Market Research Society, 36(October), 295–314.
DOS (2011) Survey of construction industries 2010, Putrajaya: Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Edwin R. (2002). The Importance of Pilot Studies. Nursing standard: official newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing 16(40):33-6 ·
Fei Shi, (2014). Study on a Stratified Sampling Investigation Method for Resident Travel and the Sampling Rate, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Volume 2015, Article ID 496179, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/496179
Fred Rugengi, (2015). Assessment on the triple constraint, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. Nov 2015, Vol. 5, No. 11.
Paul N. (2015). Project management process,http://www.free-management-ebooks.com/.
GHAURI, P. & GRONHAUG, K. 2005. Research Methods in Business Studies, Harlow, FT/Prentice Hall.
Gelbard, R., Pliskin, N., & Spiegler, I. (2002). Integrating Systems Analysis and Project Management Tools, International Journal of Project Management, Elsevier Science Ltd.
Hanita (2014). The Representation of Malaysian Cultures in Tourism Brochures, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 118 (2014) 140 – 151.
Haldane, A. 2017. “Productivity Puzzles.” London: Bank of England.
Halima, (2015). Malaysia oil palm Industry, Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.13 (2): 143-148.
Hewagamage, K. P. Hewagamage, (2011). "Redesigned framework and approach for IT project management", Int. J. Softw. Eng. its Appl., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 89-106.
Hair, J, F, Ringle, C.M, Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver, journal of marketing theory and practices, 19(2), 139-151.
Hair, J, F, Ringle, C.M, Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Thousand oaks: stage
Henseler, J. (2012). PLS path modelling with Smart PLS. Foundations application, Extensions, Advances, inforte seminar Jyvaskyla.
Idoro, G.I. (2009). Evaluating levels of project planning and their effects on performance in the Nigerian construction industry. The Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, 9(2): 9–50.
IRGC (International Risk Governance Council), (2005). Risk Governance – Towards an Integrative Approach, White Paper no 1, Renn O. with an Annex by P. Graham, Geneva: IRGC.
ISO (2002). Risk Management Vocabulary. ISO/IEC Guide 73.
Jamil, Nur Dini and Adekunle Qudus Adeleke. "The relationship between team competency and design risk management among construction industries in Kuantan." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (2018): 77-81
Kevin J. (2015). Independent, Dependent, and Other Variables, Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · October 2014, t: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266153035.
Klemetti A. (2006). Risk management in construction project networks. Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Industrial Management.
Kotler, P. (2000). Administerial de Marketing. 10th Edition. Sao Paulo: Prentice Hall Publishers.
Lagarde, C. 2017. “Reinvigorating Productivity Growth.” Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
Ling, F.Y.Y. and Chan, S.L. (2002). Performance evaluation of alternative project procurement methods. Research brief. National University of Singapore.
Martin. (2012), An analysis of construction productivity in Malaysia, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241715618.
M. Cuellar, (2010). Assessing project success: Moving beyond the triple constraint", proceedings 5th Int. Res. Work. Inf. Technol. Proj. Manag., pp. 18-28, 43.
Nienaber, R. &Cloete, E. (2003). A Software Agent Framework for the Support of Software Project Management, Proceedings of SAICSIT, (pp. 16-23). Pretoria, South Africa.
Peter Landau I. (2016). In Project Management. Project Management 101, Risk Management.
Peter, (2011) automotive industry in Malaysia, international Journal of Automotive Technology and Management · April 2011 DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2011.039542.
Peterson, M. (2006). Basic marketing research: A decision making approach (2d ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Pravin M. (2016). Labor productivity in construction. Https://www.reaserchgate .net/publication/ 3071138481.
PMBOK, (2008). Project Management Institute. Guide to the project management body of knowledge 4th ed. Newtown Square, Project Management Institute.
Razaleigh, (2012). The History of Ethnic Relationship in Malaysia, Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(4): 504-510, 2012 ISSN 1995-0772.
Ramli, (2013), Agricultural land use in Malaysia, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 19 (No 1) 2013, 60-69 Agricultural Academy.
Rugenyi, F. Bwisa, H. (2016). Effects of triple constrains on the risk management of the project in Nairobi, The projects mangers perspectives strategic “journal of Business and changes managements, 3(2).
Rugenyi, F. and Bwisa, H, (2016). Effects of triple constraint on the management of projects in Nairobi, the project manger’s perspective. Strategic Journal of Business and Change Management, 3(2).
Sekeran, U, & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business. A skill building approach. New York: john willey and sons.
Shaid, I (2015). Risk management in construction projects. Https://www.reaserchgate .net/publication/ 3071138481.
Teoh, C.H. 2002.The Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia: From Seed to Frying Pan. Report of WWF, Malaysia.
Vinzi, E. Chin W. W., Henseler, J., & wang, H. (2010). Handbook of partial least squares: concepts, methods and application. Springer handbooks of computational statistics.
Wang MT, Chou HY. (2003). Risk allocation and risk handling of highway projects in Taiwan. J Manage Eng. 19(2):60–68.
Zou PXW, Zhang G, Wang J. (2007). Understanding the key risks in construction projects in China. Int J Project Manage 25(6):601–614.
Zou Y, and Lee S, H. (2008), The impacts of change management practices on perfect changes cost performance construction management and economics, 26(4), 387-393
Abdul Kadir, (2005), Factors affecting construction labor productivity for Malaysian residential projects, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235321865.
Adeleke, A. Q., Bahaudin, A. Y., & Kamaruddeen, A. M. (2018). Organizational internal factors and construction risk management among nigerian construction companies. Global Business Review, 19(4), 921-938.
Adeleke¹, A. Q., Bahaudin, A. Y., & Kamaruddeen, A. M. (2015). A partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS SEM) preliminary analysis on organizational internal and external factors influencing effective construction risk management among Nigerian construction industries. Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia, 38(143), 143-55.
Adeleke, A. Q., Bahaudin, A. Y., & Kamaruddeen, A. M. (2016, August). Rules and regulations as potential moderator on the relationship between organizational internal and external factors with effective construction risk management in Nigerian construction companies: a proposed framework. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1761, No. 1, p. 020008). AIP Publishing.
Adeleke, A. Q., Bahaudin, A. Y., & Kamaruddeen, A. M. (2016). Preliminary analysis on organizational factors influencing effective construction risk management: A case study of Nigerian construction companies. Sains Humanika, 8(2).
Ahmed, Z.U., Mohammad, O., Tan, B. and Johnson, J.P. (2002). Study of Quality Management in Construction Projects. A case study of Malaysian construction industries, Journal of Business Research, 55(10): 805–813.
Angelo & Reina, (2002), Causes and Effects of Cost Overruns in Public Building Construction Projects Delivery, In Imo State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 19, Issue 7. Ver. II (July 2017), PP 13-20
Apolot and Henry (2013). Investigation into the Causes of Delays and Cost Overruns in Uganda's Public Sector Construction Project. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 18(2), 33–47, 2013.
Ashraf (2014). "A Parametric Approach to Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling of Multigroup Analysis (PLS-MGA)", Int. J. Econ. Commer. Manag. United Kingdom, vol. II, no. 10, pp. 1-15,
Augsburg Education (2012). Introduction to project management, http://www.augsburg.edu./ppages/schwalbe/C5332-01pdf,(Aceesed Feb. 7).
Alinaitwe, H. Apolot R and Tindiwensi, D. (2013). To investigate into the causes of delays and costs over runs in agenda public sectors construction projects journal of constructions in Developing countries.
Ali, A, S, and Kamarzzman, S, N, (2010). Cost of performance for building construction projects in Klang Valley Journal of Building performance (1).
Alhazini, T. and McCaffer, R. (2000). Project procurement system selection model. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 126(3): 176–184
Allen, (2003). Short history of Malaysia, Virginia Matheson hooker, 83, Alexander Street, nest NSW, 2005.
Al-Sudairi, A.A. (2007). Evaluating the effect of construction process characteristics to the 121.Applicability of lean principles. Construction Innovation, 7(1), pp. 99.
Aleksandra Š. (2015), The Review of the Definition of Risk, A Publication of the International Institute for Applied Knowledge Management Volume 3, Issue 3 Special Issue 2015 - Paper selected from International Conference in Applied Protection and Its Trends.
Banda R. K. and Pretorius L, (2016), The effect of scope definitions on infrastructure projects, case in Malawi’s public and private implementing, south Africa, journal of industries, engineering 27(4), 203-214
Baratta, A. (2006). The triple constraint: a triple illusion. Paper presented at PMI® Global. Congress 2006—North America, Seattle, WA. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.
Bhzad Sidawi (2012). Management problems of remote construction projects and potential IT solutions; The case of kingdom of Soudi Arabia, Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), Vol. 17, pg. 103-120, http://www.itcon.org/2012/7
BOUDREAU, M., GEFEN, D. & STRAUB, D. (2001). Validation in IS research: A state-of-the-art assessment. MIS Quarterly, 25, 1-24.
Calvert, P. (2005). It's mystery: mystery shopping in new Zealand's public libraries, library review, 54(1). 2435
Caccamese, A. & Bragantini, D. (2012). Beyond the iron triangle: year zero. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2012—EMEA, Marsailles, France. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.
Charon, M, (2017), Labor productivity in Malaysia over the last three decades, Khaznah Research Institutes, Issues Brief 4/17 1 June 2017.
Carbone TA, Tippett DD. (2004). Project risk management using the project risk FMEA. Eng. Manage J;16(4):28–35.
CIMA Official Terminology (,2005), Introduction to managing risk, The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants 26 Chapter Street London SW1P 4NP United Kingdom.
Chan, A.P.C., Ho, D.C.K. and Tam, C.M. (2001). Design and build project success factors multivariate analysis. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 127(2): 93–100.
Chin, W.W., (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modelling. In, Marccoulides, G.A? (Ed), Modern methods for business research. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey, 295-336.
Datuk Seri Fadillah Yusof, Works Minister (Dec 2014) GST to Have Minimal Impact on Renovation Construction Sector: in “Programme on Strengthening Bumiputera Renovation Contractors Conference" through the CIDB National Accredited Renovators (CNAR), Works Ministry of Malaysia, Malaysia. (http://1gst.com.my/1gst-news/179-gst-to-have-minimal-impact-on-renovation-constructionsector.html).
Duncan Haughey, (2011). Understanding the project management triple constraint ~ www.projectsmart.co.uk.
Diamantopoulos, A., Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Reynolds, N. (1994). Pretesting in questionnaire design: The impact of respondent characteristics on error detection. Journal of the Market Research Society, 36(October), 295–314.
DOS (2011) Survey of construction industries 2010, Putrajaya: Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Edwin R. (2002). The Importance of Pilot Studies. Nursing standard: official newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing 16(40):33-6 ·
Fei Shi, (2014). Study on a Stratified Sampling Investigation Method for Resident Travel and the Sampling Rate, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Volume 2015, Article ID 496179, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/496179
Fred Rugengi, (2015). Assessment on the triple constraint, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. Nov 2015, Vol. 5, No. 11.
Paul N. (2015). Project management process,http://www.free-management-ebooks.com/.
GHAURI, P. & GRONHAUG, K. 2005. Research Methods in Business Studies, Harlow, FT/Prentice Hall.
Gelbard, R., Pliskin, N., & Spiegler, I. (2002). Integrating Systems Analysis and Project Management Tools, International Journal of Project Management, Elsevier Science Ltd.
Hanita (2014). The Representation of Malaysian Cultures in Tourism Brochures, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 118 (2014) 140 – 151.
Haldane, A. 2017. “Productivity Puzzles.” London: Bank of England.
Halima, (2015). Malaysia oil palm Industry, Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.13 (2): 143-148.
Hewagamage, K. P. Hewagamage, (2011). "Redesigned framework and approach for IT project management", Int. J. Softw. Eng. its Appl., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 89-106.
Hair, J, F, Ringle, C.M, Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver, journal of marketing theory and practices, 19(2), 139-151.
Hair, J, F, Ringle, C.M, Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Thousand oaks: stage
Henseler, J. (2012). PLS path modelling with Smart PLS. Foundations application, Extensions, Advances, inforte seminar Jyvaskyla.
Idoro, G.I. (2009). Evaluating levels of project planning and their effects on performance in the Nigerian construction industry. The Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, 9(2): 9–50.
IRGC (International Risk Governance Council), (2005). Risk Governance – Towards an Integrative Approach, White Paper no 1, Renn O. with an Annex by P. Graham, Geneva: IRGC.
ISO (2002). Risk Management Vocabulary. ISO/IEC Guide 73.
Jamil, Nur Dini and Adekunle Qudus Adeleke. "The relationship between team competency and design risk management among construction industries in Kuantan." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (2018): 77-81
Kevin J. (2015). Independent, Dependent, and Other Variables, Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · October 2014, t: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266153035.
Klemetti A. (2006). Risk management in construction project networks. Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Industrial Management.
Kotler, P. (2000). Administerial de Marketing. 10th Edition. Sao Paulo: Prentice Hall Publishers.
Lagarde, C. 2017. “Reinvigorating Productivity Growth.” Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
Ling, F.Y.Y. and Chan, S.L. (2002). Performance evaluation of alternative project procurement methods. Research brief. National University of Singapore.
Martin. (2012), An analysis of construction productivity in Malaysia, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241715618.
M. Cuellar, (2010). Assessing project success: Moving beyond the triple constraint", proceedings 5th Int. Res. Work. Inf. Technol. Proj. Manag., pp. 18-28, 43.
Nienaber, R. &Cloete, E. (2003). A Software Agent Framework for the Support of Software Project Management, Proceedings of SAICSIT, (pp. 16-23). Pretoria, South Africa.
Peter Landau I. (2016). In Project Management. Project Management 101, Risk Management.
Peter, (2011) automotive industry in Malaysia, international Journal of Automotive Technology and Management · April 2011 DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2011.039542.
Peterson, M. (2006). Basic marketing research: A decision making approach (2d ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Pravin M. (2016). Labor productivity in construction. Https://www.reaserchgate .net/publication/ 3071138481.
PMBOK, (2008). Project Management Institute. Guide to the project management body of knowledge 4th ed. Newtown Square, Project Management Institute.
Razaleigh, (2012). The History of Ethnic Relationship in Malaysia, Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(4): 504-510, 2012 ISSN 1995-0772.
Ramli, (2013), Agricultural land use in Malaysia, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 19 (No 1) 2013, 60-69 Agricultural Academy.
Rugenyi, F. Bwisa, H. (2016). Effects of triple constrains on the risk management of the project in Nairobi, The projects mangers perspectives strategic “journal of Business and changes managements, 3(2).
Rugenyi, F. and Bwisa, H, (2016). Effects of triple constraint on the management of projects in Nairobi, the project manger’s perspective. Strategic Journal of Business and Change Management, 3(2).
Sekeran, U, & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business. A skill building approach. New York: john willey and sons.
Shaid, I (2015). Risk management in construction projects. Https://www.reaserchgate .net/publication/ 3071138481.
Teoh, C.H. 2002.The Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia: From Seed to Frying Pan. Report of WWF, Malaysia.
Vinzi, E. Chin W. W., Henseler, J., & wang, H. (2010). Handbook of partial least squares: concepts, methods and application. Springer handbooks of computational statistics.
Wang MT, Chou HY. (2003). Risk allocation and risk handling of highway projects in Taiwan. J Manage Eng. 19(2):60–68.
Zou PXW, Zhang G, Wang J. (2007). Understanding the key risks in construction projects in China. Int J Project Manage 25(6):601–614.
Zou Y, and Lee S, H. (2008), The impacts of change management practices on perfect changes cost performance construction management and economics, 26(4), 387-393